Task 1 for Helathcare Ecosystems Essay - 1017 Words

On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law H.R. 3590, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Since the induction of the Affordable Care Act the Mayo Clinic reached a new goal of 63 million patient services in 2013. (Mayo Clinic , 2014) There has been substantial growth as seen in 2011 they reported just over 20 million patient services. (Mayo Clinic , 2014) The Affordable Care Act has allowed those patients that could not afford health insurance and or issues with pre-existing conditions to finally be able to seek out treatment with the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic had recognized early on that there would need to be health care reform to ensure the future of quality patient care. In 2006 the Mayo Clinic started the†¦show more content†¦On April 22nd 2014 the Mayo Clinic opened the Mayo Clinic Child and Family Advocacy Center. (Mayo Clinic , 2014) In 2012 the alarming rate of child abuse reports reached 1,632 reports in Olmstead County alone. (Mayo Clin ic , 2014) The center will provide a child-friendly, safe haven for all abused victims and their family to receive medical care and participate in the investigation in a single location rather than sharing the story multiple times to different people and at different locations. The Mayo Clinic upholds their mission and values by truly putting the patients’ needs first. The Mayo Clinic integrates as a unified organization to offer multiple locations and available resources to the patient establishing a continuity of care. They search for answers for every patient through individualized medicine so that Mayo Clinic can better understand disease differences at the genetic level, to personalize treatments more effectively. They also work in accordance with the Division of Government Relations since 2011 to further the advance and protect the interests and strengths of research, education, and clinical practice. One of the ways that the Mayo Clinic is improving quality is through a quality initiative The Rochester Epidemiology Project (Mayo Clinic , 2014). This project is a treasure trove

Acc260 Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting...

Final Project: Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession Laurie Searing ACC/260 July 25, 2010 Hope Piggee Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession This dilemma in this ethical case is whether or not Daniel Potter (Dan), staff accountant for Baker Greenleaf accounting firm, should report unethical changes his immediate supervisor, Oliver Freeman, made to an audit report. The problem is that a large piece of real estate was valued on the balance sheet at $2 million. Dan had estimated the property at $100,000. Dan based his value estimate on the condition, location, and how long the property had been vacant. He approached the managers of the subsidiary with a proposal to write down the value of the property by†¦show more content†¦He also gave a negative review of Dan’s performance that would void Dan the opportunity of an early promotion (Brooks, 2007). This case has four primary stakeholders. Daniel Potter, the auditor, is interested in a long - term career with Baker Greenleaf and upholding strict ethical values. Oliver Freeman, Dan’s immediate supervisor, wants to keep his prominent position in the company and secure the client account wholly for Baker Greenleaf. Currently the accountant is shared with another firm. The third stakeholder is the subsidiary’s managers. They are aware of the misstatement on the value of the property in question, but they still want a clean opinion in the audit. Baker Greenleaf is the last stakeholder. They are interested in obtaining the client account for themselves as well as maintaining an exemplary reputation they have earned over the years (Brooks, 2007). Dan realizes his name is on a clean opinion for that audit and is not comfortable with the actions that have been taken by Oliver Freeman. He should start with speaking to someone in-house about his concerns. His choices are someone in personnel, or his partner counselor. While he is uneasy about either of these options, he must choose one because Baker Greenleaf does not have an independent review board within their company as some other companies do. If his concerns are not dealt with appropriately in-house he will have to report the matter to the governing bodies of the accounting

Report of the Working Group on the Environment Free Essays

string(181) " Environment and Forest Research, Education ,Extension, Training Capacity Building and Information Management have been worked out and an abstract of the total outlay given\." REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH, EDUCATION, TRAINING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS SECTOR FOR THE ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) [pic] Government of India Planning Commission New Delhi REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH, EDUCATION, TRAINING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS SECTOR FOR THE ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) [pic] Government of India Planning Commission New Delhi Contents Contents |Page | |Preface |1 | |Summary |3 | |Chapter 1: Introduction |5 | |Chapter 2: Existing Institutional Set up |10 | |Chapter 3: Salient achievements of X Plan |22 | |Chapter 4: Emerging Challenges and Vision for future |47 | |Chapter 5: Strategies and Approach for the XI Plan |63 | |Chapter 6: Thrust Areas for XI Plan |77 | |Chapter 7: Proposals for XI Plan |98 | |Summary of Recommendations |129 | |Annexure | | |1. List of Working Group Members Terms of Reference |144 | |2: Sub Groups Constitution |147 | |3. Abbreviations |152 | PREFACE Indian Environment and Forests Sector is facing major challenges in the fast changing global and Indian scenario. We will write a custom essay sample on Report of the Working Group on the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It requires no less a revolutionary approach than the ‘green’ or ‘white’ revolution. The key environmental challenges that the country faces relate to the nexus of environmental degradation with poverty in many dimensions, and economic growth. Further, The role of forests in poverty alleviation, providing goods and services to the society, ensuring environmental security of the country and promoting carbon sequestration has assumed much greater importance than ever before. There are a number of other important ecosystems lying outside the traditional boundaries of the forests which require direct or indirect interventions of foresters in association with other stakeholders. The Research and Development (RD) strategy has to take into account conservation and sustainable management of forests and forest production possibilities outside forests. We need a Common Research and Development Agenda. Also, the level of expectations from the forestry profession has gone up. The foresters, scientists, researchers and educationists are required to play multifarious roles to deal with a variety of externalities besides coping up with the traditional forestry and emerging sustainable forestry demands. These roles demand high degree of expertise and competence in various fields requiring up-gradation of technical skills and development of professional capabilities in dealing with social, environmental, economic and developmental issues. All stakeholders need to get involved. The State and Central Research Institutions and Agricultural Universities have to work hand in hand to achieve national goals. The Planning Commission (Environment and Forests Unit), vide its letter No. M-13033/1/2006-EF dated 21 August 2006, constituted a Working Group on Research, Education, Training, Capacity Building and Information Management for the Environment and Forests Sector for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012), under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, MoEF. Keeping in view the enormity of the exercise and diversity of issues involved, four Sub Groups were created to deal with a specific themes. Sub Groups held meetings for deliberating upon the various issues pertaining to this topic. In between and later informal discussions through email amongst the members of the sub groups were also held particularly for those members who could not attend all the meetings due to their preoccupations. The Chairman wishes to place on record his appreciation and thanks to all the members of the Working Groups and Sub Groups and for freely providing his time and actively participating in the deliberations. (Jagdish Kiswan) Director General, ICFRE Member Secretary, Working Group SUMMARY The Planning Commission, Government of India resolved to set up a Working Group on Research , Education, Training Capacity Building and Information Management for the Environment and Forests Sector for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 – 2012) ,under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests GOI. The Terms of Reference (TOR) of the working groups ranged from making a critical review of achievements in the field of Environmental and Forestry related Research and Education during the X Five Year Plan to recommending strategy and approaches on research education, extension, training and capacity building and information management; critically examining the role of research institutes in the environment and forest sector and suggesting measures for effective coordination between the scientific ministries of the Govt. of India dealing with Environmental and Forestry related activities. The TOR further called for recommending on guiding principles for research priorities based on the global commitments or conservation and national needs and establishment of data and information base for understanding assessment planning and monitoring. Considering the enormity of the task involved, four Sub Groups on (i) Environmental Research, Education and Extension; (ii) Forestry Research, Education and Extension; (iii) Training and Capacity Building; and (iv) Information Management were constituted by the chairman to deliberate on the issues and develop documents. The sub groups were to go into the ramification of the Terms of Reference. This document is the outcome of detailed discussions and the conclusions derived by these four sub groups. The document spreads over seven chapters. The state of Environment and Forests in India during the last five decades along with the global challenges being faced currently have been dealt in the Introduction. The vision, objectives mandate and activities of the major institutes under Govt. of India like, ICFRE, IGNFA, DFE ,FSI, IPIRTI and IIFM are dealt at length under chapter 2 . Universities and other institutes have also been dealt in this chapter. Review of the salient achievements by various institutes and organizations during the X Five-Year Plan have been elaborated in the third chapter. Chapter four deals with the major challenges and vision for future. Broad areas of research forestry extension and environmental research and education have been discussed in detail in chapter five under strategies and approach. The major thrust areas like agroforestry, watershed management, forest, fire, biodiversity conservation impact of diseases, medicinal and NWFP, forest products and industries and technologies for transfer have been identified under chapter six. Chapter seven contains recommendations and proposals of the Working Group with analytical justification of the same and highlighting the prioritized Action Plan for the XI Five Year Plan. Also major research programmes under which environment related research could be supported have been mentioned in this chapter. Lastly, to meet the targets, budgets for Environment and Forest Research, Education ,Extension, Training Capacity Building and Information Management have been worked out and an abstract of the total outlay given. You read "Report of the Working Group on the Environment" in category "Essay examples" A total outlay of Rs. 70,319. 43 lakhs has been proposed for the XI Five Year Plan . Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"A diverse developing society such as ours provides numerous challenges in the economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental arenas. All of these coalesce in the dominant imperative of alleviation of mass poverty, reckoned in the multiple dimensions of livelihood security, health care, education, empowerment of the disadvantaged, and elimination of gender disparities. Across the political spectrum of the country there has been recognition of the vital role natural resources play in providing livelihoods, and securing life-support ecological services. Sustainable development concerns in the sense of enhancement of human well-being, broadly conceived, are a recurring theme in India’s development philosophy. The present day consensus reflects three foundational aspirations. For this to occur there is a need for balance and harmony between economic, social and environmental needs of the country. India also plays an important role in several significant international initiatives concerned with the environment. It is a party to the key multilateral agreements, and recognizes the interdependencies among, and trans-boundary character of, several environmental problems. † – Excerpts for The National Environment Policy 2006 (NEP). 1. 1During the last five to six decades it has been increasingly observed that the life-supporting potentials of our planet Earth has been eroding rapidly and may ultimately threaten the very existence of Biosphere. The root cause for depleting life supporting potentials of the earth is the environmental degradation through anthropogenically-mediate activities. The ozone depletion, climate change, desertification, tropical deforestation, species extinction, and pollution of water, soil and air are some of the environmental issues of global concern. 1. The Tenth Plan had recognized that environmental sustainability â€Å"is not an option but an imperative†. Clean air, pure water, conservation of forests and wild life and generation of greenery are t he essentials for a healthy environment. Prevention of degradation of land, controlling floods and droughts, preventing desertification, conservation of fragile eco-system, prevention of deforestation, conserving bio-diversity and mitigating water and air pollution all present challenges for planners and policy makers. 1. 3 The concept of sustainable development has emerged as a prescription for human survival and at the same time ensures long-term maintenance of ecosystem health. One of the priority requirements for achieving sustainable development is to create sustainable human societies. Environmental education and research are critical not only for the establishment of sustainable human societies but also to develop technologies, skills and expertise, which translate into tailor-made solutions to environmental problems. 1. 4Sustainable management of forests means the management and use of forests and forest lands in a way that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions at local, national and global levels that does not cause damages to other ecosystems. A number of initiatives at the international level have been taken to determine criteria and indicators of sustainable management at regional, national and local levels. In India, too therefore, the tenth five-year plan must envisage funding research efforts in those areas, which are vitally linked with the well being and continued utility of the forests. 1. 5Education for a sustainable future should aim at: (i) conserving the earth’s vitality and diversity, (ii) minimizing the depletion of non-renewable resources, (iii) improving the quality of human life, (iv) respect and care for the community of living world, (v) changing personal attitudes and practices, and (vi) enabling communities to care for their own environments. Forest education and research are components of environmental education and research. The environmental sector with forestry as one of its sub-sectors has also linkages with the agriculture, fisheries and health sectors. Consequently, educational and research programmes particularly at higher level must integrate all these different sectors. 1. 6From being an exclusivist profession, primarily charged with forest management for timber production, forestry today has expanded to encompass a wide range of roles varying from traditional forest protection production to comprehensive bio-diversity conservation and sustainable use to eco-tourism promotion and so forth. In these new or expanded roles stakeholder participation has to become the presiding leitmotif of sustainable forest management. While societal expectations from the present day forester to fulfill these changing roles is increasing, more often than not the forest manager is left to his / her own devices to cope with the emerging challenges. 1. 7 We are today living in the age of technology. The internet provides a global path way for information exchange, and literally any information is available at the click of a button. Yet, for many of us, the computer still remains more of a decoration piece and a status symbol. We have yet not made adequate and effective use of the entire capabilities of computers and have not totally capitalized on the IT revolution. It would not be wrong to state that forestry, for the most part, still relies upon age old dependence on manual procedures and the human resource available. Forest inventory, growth and yield statistics, forest extent, species diversity and the like continue to be documented manually, as a result of which the activities are not just effort and time consuming but also subject to human error. Use of available and developing technology can help to a large extent in rapid assessment of forest resources as well as generating and updating the information and data that is the very basis for good planning. Geographic Information System (GIS) is an effective technology for storage, analysis and retrieval of spatial, temporal and tabular data for natural resources, yet a lot needs to be done by the State Forest Departments (SFD) in this area. 1. 8In the recent past environment and forestry research has been mainly focusing on the basic disciplines and these studies have led to the scientific advancement in the field. Though all these studies have immense relevance to the furthering the development of environment and forestry science in the country, however, in the changing scenario today the focus has to be shifted to research which could bring quick changes and improve the economy of the rural people leading to employment generation, poverty alleviation, etc. 1. 9The purpose of carrying out research today should be to generate benefit for the people by the application of new knowledge generated so far in the field of natural resource management. There is a need for user friendly and problem solving thrust in the field of research, education and extension. Research should be given due recognition and suitably placed at higher priorities to meet the new challenges . Research also needs adequate funding and possibility should be explored to involve the corporate and industrial houses in financing the research projects. While formulating the research projects research objective should be linked with the priorities of the nation such as poverty reduction, conservation and sustainable development and use of bio-resources. 1. 10Keeping in view the paucity of personnel in environment and forestry research and increasing the responsibility for managing large number of user groups institutional capacity with respect to trained man-power needs to be provided to cater to the needs. More thoughts are be given to a number of issues particularly in strengthening the structure of the organization, induction of new skills through organizing training of the existing staff at recognized national and international laboratories. Organizing orientation programme for scientists through visit to various national and international institutes in their respective field either through exchange programme or through fellow-ship in order to facilitate exchange of ideas and keeping them abreast with latest scientific and technology developments. 1. 11Adequate attention to transfer the technology from laboratory to the field has not been made in the recent past. Research extension linkages in terms of sharing of information and technology transfer is very weak. Research results are not transferred to the gross root level. One of the root causes of such a situation could be that research in most of the research institutions are conducted in isolation and development partners/stake holders were neither consulted nor made mandatory for implementing new technologies. 1. 12Today, more than ever before there is a need for partnership between research and educational institution, market/business entrepreneurs, financing bodies and policy makers, etc. Developing industries – institutional partner, have been found an effective tool in almost all developed countries in achieving the objectives and success for industries. 1. 3Forest Conservation Programme cannot succeed without the willing support and cooperation of the people. It is essential, therefore, to inculcate in the people, a direct interest in forests, their development and conservation, and to make them conscious of the value of trees, wildlife and nature in general. This can be achi eved through the involvement of educational institutions, right from the primary stage. Farmers and interested people should be provided opportunities through institutions like Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Trainers Training Centers to learn agri-silvicultural and silvicultural techniques to ensure optimum use of their land and water resources. Short term extension courses and lectures should be organized in order to educate farmers. For this purpose, it is essential that suitable programmes are propagated through mass media, audio-visual aids and extension machinery. 1. 14‘Habitat and Learning’ is the theme of a focus group set up as part of the National Curriculum Review process. Habitat is where any specie finds conditions that permit it to thrive. Learning is a vital faculty of all animal species. First and foremost, animals learn about the features of their own habitat, picking up clues as to where they may expect to find food, where they may expect to encounter enemies, and where they may expect to meet social companions. For our ancestors, knowledge thus began with the exploration of their habitat. In that sense, this focus group may be said to be at the centre stage of education, an enterprise dealing with knowledge. 1. 15 The Ministry of Environment and Forests, is classified as a ‘Scientific Ministry’ under the Government of India. Since its inception in 1985, the Ministry has funded research by diverse research institutions in several disciplines concerned with environmental protection. Some indicative areas include: forest conservation, wildlife protection, biodiversity inventories, R in environmental management technologies, climate change, public health impacts of environmental degradation, etc. The existing guidelines set forth the objectives of research support, the thrust areas for research support, procedures for inviting / receipt and processing proposals for funding support, norms for funding, conditions of support and dissemination or research findings. Chapter 2 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL SET UP A. National Level Forestry Institution 2. 1Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The Council is apex body in the national forestry research system to develop holistic forestry research through planning, promoting, conducting and coordinating research, education and extension on all aspects of forestry. ICFRE ensures scientific management of forests, tree improvement, forest productivity through scientific and biotechnological research, bioremediation of degraded land, efficient utilization of forest produce, value addition, conservation of biodiversity, effective agro forestry models for various agro ecological zones, policy research, environmental impact assessment and integrated pest and disease management. ICFRE mission is to carry out research of forests, forestry and forest products at national level, and disseminate the results of this research to all concerned parties, including State Forest Departments, forest based industries, traders, farmers, and other user groups. ICFRE carries out research under various research programmes and eight-research institutes co-ordinate ICFRE in different parts of the country. ICFRE has eight Regional research institutes and three research centers in different bio-geographical regions of the country to cater to the forestry research needs of the nation. (i)Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh and Delhi) (ii)Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir) (iii)Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra) (iv)Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Daman Diu) v)Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, Lakshadweep and Andaman Nicobar Islands) (viArid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan, Gujarat Dadra and Nagar Haveli) (vii)Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat (Cater s to research needs of the North Eastern Region) (viii)Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi (West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Sikkim) Advance research centers under the council are: i. Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation (CSFER), Allahabad ii. Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development (CFRHRD), Chhindwara. iii. Forest Research Centre (FRC), Hyderabad 2. 1. 1 Objectives To undertake, aid, promote and co-ordinate forestry research, education and its application. †¢ To extend the research findings from lab to land. †¢ To develop and maintain a National Forest Library Information Centre. †¢ To provide consultancy services in the field of forestry research, education and training, and in allied sciences. 2. 1. 2 Mission â€Å"To generate, preserve, disseminate and advance knowledge, technologies and solutions for addressing the issues related to forests and promote linkages arising out of interactions between people, forests and envir onment on a sustained basis through research, education and extension†. 2. 1. 3 Vision i. Update, develop and provide knowledge, skill, technology and experiences to support development in forestry sector in accordance with priorities of National Forestry Research Plan (NFRP) and National Forest Policy for sustainable forest development. ii. As model organization undertake, coordinate, promote and aid forestry research, extension and education. iii. Develop packages of technology and practices according to the needs of different stakeholders so as to contribute towards sustainability and promote these technologies through aggressive marketing. iv. Focus research efforts on priorities as identified in NFRP and attain global leadership in few emerging strategic areas. v. Optimize the use of research resources e. g. inancial, human and infrastructure through establishing and nurturing symbiotic networking, with ICFRE providing a core of such network at national and regional level. 2. 2. Indian Institute of Forest Management , Bhopal (IIFM) The Indian Institute of Forest Mana gement (IIFM) is premier autonomous Institute under the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Govt. of India. The Institute has four main activities, namely research, teaching, training and consulting in the forestry and allied sectors. It was established in 1982 in response to the growing need for application of business methods in the management of forest and natural resources to ensure efficiency in resource use and conservation. The Institute has about 25 faculty members working in the multidisciplinary faculty areas such as applied Computer Technology and Quantitative Techniques Communication Methods, Eco-system Management and Technical Forestry Financial Management, Accounting and Control , Forest Resource Economics and Management, Marketing Management, Personnel Management and Organizational Behavior, Sociology and Social Anthropology 2. 2. 1 The Institute conducts the following major programmes: †¢ Two year post graduate programme in forestry management (PFM, Equivalent to MBA) †¢ One year post masters programme in Natural Resource Management (NRM, Equivalent to M. Phil. ) †¢ Management Development Programmes for industry, development sector, government sector, non government sectors, covering forestry policy and institutional aspects, rural livelihoods, community participation, micro finance etc. 2. 2. 2 Research and Publications Activities Research and publications are among the key prio rity activities of the Institute. As a result, the IIFM faculty members have been undertaking various types of research projects related to the forestry and allied sectors. As a sectoral management institute, its research activities are primarily applied in nature. Drawing on the strength of multi disciplinary faculty, the institute promotes research projects of interdisciplinary nature. The research projects generally emphasize upon sustainability of natural resources benefit flow to the disadvantaged communities dependent on the forestry resources. In addition to the internal research funding, the research projects receive funding support from a number of national and international organization. Among the international funding agencies supporting research projects at IIFM include International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Yokohama, Japan; the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada; the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID); the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, CIFOR; the World Bank; the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN); the United State Forest Service (USFS) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2. 2. 3Main Research areas †¢ Sustainable Forest Management and Forest Certification; †¢ Community Forestry including Joint Forest Management; †¢ Micro-Finance and Micro-Enterprise; †¢ Participatory Forest Resource Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation; †¢ Legal and Policy Analysis in Forestry; †¢ Forestry and Livelihood; †¢ Valuation of Forests and Natural Resource Accounting; †¢ Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Forestry; †¢ Gender in Forestry; †¢ Protected Area and Biodiversity Conservation; †¢ Management of Non-Wood Forest Products (NTFP) including Medicinal Plants and Wood fuel; †¢ Wetlands Management; †¢ Trees Outside Forest. The Government of India has been supporting the IIFM research projects through funding form the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the National Afforestation and Eco-development Board (NAEB), the Ministry of Tribal Affaris, the Ministry of Textiles etc. The State Government Forest Departments also sponsor number of research studies of IIFM. The Institute has also undertaken some collaborative research projects with institutions such as the Cambridge University and the Kerala Forest Research Institute. Other organization like Sir Dorabji Tata Trust Mumbai have been providing support for research at IIFM. 2. 3 Directorate of Forest Education (DFE) The Directorate of Forest Education has been functioning directly under the Ministry since 1991 to cater to the training needs of the SFS officers nd Range Forest Officers of the states and union territories in the country. The forestry training institutes under the direct administrative control of the Directorate of Forest Education are i) State Forest Service College, Dehradun (Uttaranchal) ii) State Forest Service College, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) iii) State Forest Service College, Burnihat (Assam Mehgalaya) iv) Eastern Forest Rangers College, Kursenon (West Bengal) The Directorate is responsible for †¢ Conducting induction training for the direct recruits to the State Forest Service (SFS) and exercising technical control over the induction training for RFOs being organized by the colleges under the State Governments. Conducting in-service training for SFS officers and FROs, and organize courses for the frontline staff in the form of short term refresher and theme based courses. 2. 4Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA) was constituted in the year 1987 by renaming the erstwhile Indian Forest College, which was originally established in 1938 for training senior forest officers. IGNFA is currently functioning in Dehradun as a Staff College for the officers of t he Indian Forest Service (IFS). The primary mandate of the Academy is to impart knowledge and skills to the professional foresters and help them to develop competence for managing the country’s forest and wildlife resources on a sustainable basis. It also enables them to act as catalysts for environmental protection, economic development and social change. In the Academy training is provided at different levels of seniority in the IFS besides training the new entrants to the service. The Academy also imparts skill upgradation training to officers inducted into the IFS on promotion from the State Forest Service (SFS). The Academy also imparts Advanced Forest Management (AFM) training to contemporary batches of IFS officers belonging to three different senior levels, viz, executive, supervisory and policy development levels, and thematic training to IFS officers in a vertical integration format. Direct recruitment to IFS is made through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination. The successful candidates are appointed to the IFS on probation for a period of three years. This is the period during which IGNFA imparts professional training to the young entrants into the IFS. Foreign trainees are also imparted training. This includes Foundation Course at LBSNAA, Professional Phase Training at IGNFA and OJT in the Cadre States. The professional training of these IFS officers is imparted mainly by the in-house faculty members drawn on deputation basis from among the serving professionals working in various States and Union Territories. Inputs from guest faculty are also drawn from eminent persons of repute from various institutes and organisations including non-governmental organizations on certain specialized aspects of forest service. Study tours to various parts of the country and specialized field exercises form an integral part of the training. IGNFA is placed directly under the administrative control of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Government of India (GOI). Accommodation for officers undergoing training at IGNFA comprises three hostels – the New Hostel, the Old Hostel and the Executive Hostel. These hostels are provided with mess and other facilities. There are billiards room, badminton court, table tennis hall and gymnasium in the Old Hostel complex. The Academy has spacious play-grounds adjacent to the New Hostel complex, which are used for physical training and out-door games. The Executive Hostel provides 30 rooms residential facilities to the senior officers coming to the Academy for in-service courses. A state-of-the-art pavilion-cum-indoor sports complex overlooks the playing ground at New Hostel. The two storied impressive structure houses multi gymnasium hall, billiards and table tennis room besides providing seating for 200 people to enjoy outdoor games. Adjoining the New Hostel, a modern, spacious assembly hall with a seating capacity of 600 is provided for holding cultural, academic and social functions. A residential complex for providing accommodation to the faculty and staff of IGNFA is situated on Chakrata Road, opposite the FRI campus. Medical facilities for both outdoor and indoor patients are available at the New Forest Hospital. The Academy has a Guest House having 22 sets of rooms The Guest House is mainly used for accommodating visiting faculty and middle and senior level in-service officers who come to the Academy time to time for attending in-service training courses, workshops, seminars, etc. The primary mandate of the Academy is to impart capacity building and professional level training to the IFS officers. 2. 5. Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) The Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) institute was established in 1961-62 as a Central Research Laboratory of the Indian Plywood Manufacturers’ Research Association under the Cooperative Research Scheme of the Government of India from out of the funds provided by CSIR and voluntary contribution from the Plywood Industries (in pursuance of Ministry of Commerce and Industries Resolution No. CI-9(5)/50 dated 22. 9. 1951). Consequent to the reorganization of the CSIR during 1977-78 (vide letter No. 5(15)/77-IED dt. 21. 3. 1978 of the Secretary, DST and Notification No. CD-261/78 dated 6-4-1978), IPIRTI was one of the several cooperative research laboratories, museums etc. that were transferred to various user Ministries. With this transfer the erstwhile cooperative research laboratory of plywood industry got converted into an autonomous body of the Ministry of Industry. Subsequently, vide Government Order No. 2/1/88-CI of the Ministry of Industries, Department of Industrial Development dated 30-4-1990, the Institute was transferred to the administrative control of Ministry of Environment and Forests from 1. 5. 1990. This change was notified by the Government of India (GOI/Allocation of business rules 1959) amended vide Cabinet Secretary notification dated 15. 5. 1990 i. e. (GOI/Allocation of business 211 Amendment). The name of the Institute was changed to Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) in the year 1992. 2. 5. 1Mandate Research on all aspects of production of sawn timber, manufacturing plywood and other allied engineered and reconstituted wood or lignocellulosic products, including improvement of materials, manufacturing processes, improvement of machines and appliances, conditions of work time and motion studies – standardization of methods of work conditioning of factories, Inspection, certification and marking of all forest products viz. plywood, wood, timber, hardboard, particleboard, chipboard, furniture, gluelams, compreg, doors, panel doors, blockboard, flush doors, veneered panels, energy consuming, non biodegradable and on the whole highly environment friendly. A two pronged approach is essential to bridge this gap. i. Rationalizing the utilization of available wood resources through appropriate technological intervention, and ii. Development of wood alternates from other natural/renewable fibers. At IPIRTI, RD activities have already been reoriented to achieve these twin goals. Consequently, two main areas of applied research are: development of efficient technologies for wood and wood based composites, and evolving technologies for manufacturing wood alternates from natural/renewable fiber. Guided by the fact that plantation grown wood will be the major source of industrial raw material for wood products, the main RD activity of the Institute aims at efficient utilization of fast growing plantation timber species for production of sawn timber, plywood, and other wood composites. Wood produced in fast growing plantations has several characteristics compared to wood available from traditional forest grown tree species, viz. smaller diameters, lower dimensional stability and low natural durability, ecessitating technological intervention for their proper utilization in meeting the societal needs in respect of wood and wood products. Training in connection with forest product utilization for plywood industries and trade and for allied industries. Imparting tec hnical education or/and training at undergraduate, post graduate and any other level of technology. 2. 6Forest Survey of India Forest Survey of India (FSI) was created with effect from June 1, 1981 as a successor to â€Å"Pre-investment Survey of Forest Resources† (PISFR), a project initiated in 1965 by Govt. of India and sponsored by FAO and UNDP. The main objective of PISFR was to ascertain the availability of raw material for establishment of wood based industries in the selected areas of the country. Further the National Commission on Agriculture (NCA), in its report in 1976, recommended the creation of a National Forest Survey Organistaion for collection of data on scientific lines through country-wide comprehensive forest resources survey at regular intervals. Consequently, PISFR was reorganized into FSI. After a critical review of activities undertaken by FSI, Government of India, in 1986, redefined its mandate as follows in order to make it more purposeful and relevant to the needs of the country. To prepare a comprehensive State of Forest Report (SFR) including National Vegetation Map once every two years. It will also prepare thematic maps through use of remote sensing data with minimal essential ground truth verification (most ground –truth verification would be done by the respective state government) on a ten year cycle. To collect, store and retrieve necessary forestry and forestry related data for national and state level planning and to create a computer based National Basic Forestry Inventory System (NBFIS). 2. 7Wildlife Institute of India Wildlife Institute of India (WII) set up in 1982, has emerged as an eminent regional centre for training and research in the field of wildlife conservation in South Asia and South East Asia. It is an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The mission of the Institute is â€Å"To nurture the development of wildlife science and promote its application in conservation, in consonance with the cultural and socio-economic milieu†. The mandate of the Institute is (i) Build capacity, develop human resources in wildlife; (ii) Develop as a centre of excellence in wildlife science; (iii) Provide consultancy advisory services to Central and State Governments in matters related to wildlife. Since its inception, Institute has trained more than 900 field managers through its flagship programmes of 9-months Post-gradate Diploma Course in Wildlife Management and 3-months Certificate Course in Wildlife Management. This includes 113 foreign trainees belonging to 19 countries. About 200 wildlife professionals have been trained by Institute through its M. Sc. Wildlife Science and doctoral programmes. Institute has been actively engaged in undertaking research on different facets of wildlife science across the country and has generated scientific database in the form of research reports (about 115) and technical papers (about 600). WII has also provided about 25 consultancy services to different states of India as well as to other neighbouring countries. Institute has also taken up additional responsibilities assigned by the MoEF for implementation of activities under National Wildlife Action Plan 2002 – 16. Currently, a country wide tiger and prey base estimation programme is underway in WII as per the requirement of Project Tiger Directorate. Increasing human induced changes are posing new threats to conservation of wilderness resources today. The forests harboring wild animals are deteriorating in terms of quality and quantity (fragmentation) thereby threatening survival of species particularly mega species like elephants, tigers, rhinos and other large bodied animals. As habitats shrink and populations become increasingly isolated, factors like poaching, disease, population structure (sex-ratio) and stochastic events like droughts, fire and floods which once were part of natural processes causing manageable oscillations are now becoming limiting and critical factors. The situation is throwing enormous challenges to managers and policy makers alike. WII, with its sound foundation in wildlife sciences, needs to respond to these emerging challenges adequately by implementing innovative approaches to manage wildlife resources in the country. 2. 8Forestry Research Institutions under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) The forestry research is attempted in several institutes falling under crop science and natural resource management institutes of ICAR . Besides the work done in the research institute, there is an All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry involving about 30 centers, many of them located in State Agricultural Universities across the country. The activities in the major area of forestry research (including allied fields ) under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), including Indian Grassland Fodder Research Institute ( IGFRI) may be broadly classified into three parts – (i) Agroforestry Research ( targeting primarily farm lands); (ii) Silvipastoral Research (targeting degraded forests and other wastelands); (iii) Grassland Ecology and Management (targeting natural grasslands and community grazing lands). List of major research institutions of ICAR imparting forestry research 1 |Indian Grassland Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (IGFRI) | |2 |National Research Center for Agroforestry, Jhansi (NRCAF) | |3 |Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (CAZRI) | |4 |Central Soil Salinty R esearch Institute, Karnal(CSSRI) | |5 |Central Soil Water Conservation Research Training Institute, Dehradun | |6 |ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hills Region , Shillong (ICAR- RC- NEH) |7 |Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora (VPKAS) | |8 |Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad (CRIDA) | |9 |Central Agricultural Research Institute , Port Blair (CARI) | BNATIONAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONS IN ENVIRONMENT SECTOR 2. 9 Centre for Science and Environment (CSE ) The Institute deals subjects of Ecology and Environment; Environmental Education; Pollution Monitoring/Control; Water Management; Health. Environmental activities include communication for awareness; rainwater harvesting; climate change; research and advocacy; education and training; documentation; CSE’s pollution monitoring laboratory is an independent analytical, research and development laboratory that monitor and document pesticide residues, conducts water quality analysis and monitors ambient air quality in cities and communities across India; lab services include analysis over a wide range of parameters for food, water, soil, air, and biological materials; including blood, tissue and other environmental analysis. Publications: State of India’s Environment – The Citizen’s Report, Down to Earth, Air Pollution Booklet etc. 2. 0 The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Environmental activities include providing environment-friendly solution to rural energy problems to help in shaping the development of the Indian oil and gas sector; from tackling global climate change issues across many c ontinents to enhancing forest conservation efforts among local communities; from advancing solutions to growing urban transport and air pollution problems to promoting energy efficiency in the Indian industry. All activities in TERI move from formulating local – and national – level strategies to suggesting global solutions to critical energy and environment related issues. 2. 11Centre for Environmental Education (CEE) Environmental activities include Environmental education and training; conservation of biodiversity; eco-development; networking for environmental education; adapting to different geographic, culture, social and economic contexts built into the basic design of programmes and material; CEE in association with the Environmental Law Institue, Washington DC, has launched a project for capacity building of judiciary in Uttar Pradesh with funding from the Ford Foundation. The objective is to help the judiciary plan an informed and effective role in protecting the environment and upholding and strengthening environmental law in India. 2. 12G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development was established in August 1988, at Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, as an autonomous institute of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The Institute is identified as a focal agency, to advance scientific knowledge, to evolve integrated management strategies, demonstrate their efficacy for conservation of natural resources and to ensure environmentally sound development in the entire Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Apart from undertaking research and technology development and/or demonstration on its own, the Institute has established linkages with National and International Organizations committed to environment and development linked issues in the mountain regions. The Institute has been recognized as a nodal agency for research and development programs in the Indian Himalaya by the Planning Commission, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and many International organizations. All RD activities of the Institute are essentially multi-disciplinary in nature, and based on a conscious effort to interlink natural and social sciences to promote sustainable development. The vision and area of operation of the institute are as follows: †¢ To undertake in-depth research and development studies on environmental problems of the Indian Himalayan Region. †¢ To identify and strengthen the local knowledge of the environment and contribute towards strengthening researches of regional relevance in the scientific institutions, Universities/NGOs and Voluntary agencies working in the Himalayan region, through interactive networking. To evolve and demonstrate suitable technological packages and delivery systems for sustainable dev elopment of the region in harmony with local perceptions. Chapter 3 THE SALIENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF X PLAN A. SALIENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FORESTS SECTOR 3. 1Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) i. Enhancing Productivity of Forests †¢ Developed cost-effective micro-propagation protocols for mass propagation of Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa arundinacea, B. arundinacea var. gigantean, D. membranaceous, B. nutans and Oxytenanthera stocksii. †¢ Standardized in-vitro propagation methods for mature tissues of Azadirachta indica. †¢ Rejuvenated difficult to root clones of E. tereticornis and E. camaldulensis rejuvenated and 10% rooting achieved. Methods developed for the micro-propagation of tropical hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla X E. grandis. †¢ Maintained germplasm bank for 400 clones of Poplar (Populus deltoides) for tree improvement studies. †¢ Identified twelve clones of Casuarina equisetifolia, as superior performers, selected for fingerprinting using RAPD and AFLP techniques. Developed DNA finger printing for molecular base characterization of germplasm of – Pine, Shisham and Eucalyptus. †¢ Identified 1156 plus trees of neem in different agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa. †¢ Standardized the clonal propagation technology for mass multiplying the high yielding neem tree. Standardized a procedure for rapid multiplication of Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) through axillary bud proliferation and clonal propagation technology and micro-propagation package for teak has to produce high quality-planting stock. †¢ Selected twenty outstanding clones each of Casuarina equiseti folia and C. junghuhniana sub-sp. timoresnsis and vegetatively propagated in a hybridization garden. †¢ Developed molecular cataloguing of 36 plus trees of teak from 11 states of India and one allied species (Tectona hamiltoniana Wall) endemic to Myanmar using RAPD markers. †¢ Developed in-vitro shoot proliferation mehods for large-scale multiplication of mature clumps of Bambusa nutans and Dendrocalamus giganteus. Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources †¢ Established 1300 ha. Seed Production Areas, 351 ha. Seed Seedling Orchard and 170 ha. Clonal Seed Orchard and Model Nurseries in different parts of the country for Quality planting Material (QPM). †¢ Standardized seed testing procedures for more than 120 species. †¢ Developed guidelines for certification of forestry seeds. Silviculture for Forest Management i. Initiated work on benchmarking biodiversity and preservation of gene pool of important species/forest types through preservation plots in. 15 States of the country. ii. Developed technology for artificial regeneration of Buchnania lanzon in U. P. iii. Volume tables, site index equations and growth/yield functions for A. indica, E. camaldulensis and D. sissoo also developed. iv. Field trials laid with two forestry important species of Alnus nepalensis and Exbucklendia populenia for reclamation of highly eroded site at Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya. v. Growth of most common tree species planted in South-West Bengal viz. , Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus, Gmelina arborea, Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis from 132 plantation sites under alluvial, coastal and lateritic soils were compared for the soil vegetation interaction with special reference to nutrient cycling. vi. Development of Agro-forestry Models †¢ Developed p †¢ ackage for â€Å"Economic Production of Casuarina equisetifolia in Agroforestry system†. †¢ Developed and standardized management practices for most promising existing agroforestry systems in central Narmada valley and Satpura plateau agro-climatic regions of M. P. , arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, semi-arid tropics of Andhra Pradesh. †¢ Developed agroforestry model consisting of tree species (Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea and Emblica officinalis) and crop species (soyabean and wheat). †¢ Organized awareness campaigns for promotion of agroforestry amongst farmers. vii. Protection of Forests Developed insect database for 200 species for National Insect Reference with the collection preserved at FRI. †¢ Studied Shisham Mortality – Temporal changes in the physical properties of soil and soil maturation, water stress, water logging, environmental stress and ecological succession are observed to the main causes for shisham mortality. †¢ Studied management of Sal Heartwood borer in natural forests. †¢ Tested promising plant derived chemicals against key pests against the major defoliators of forest tree species. †¢ Multiplied 3,00,00000 wasps of Trichogramma rosi and introduced in 200 hectare teak plantations of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to minimise the out break of Teak defoliator and skeletonizer. Deodar mortality in around Shimla was studied and causative factors identified. †¢ Identified natural enemies of Ectropis deodarae comprising of eleven parasitoids, eight predators and nine entomo-pathogens of Himalayan forest. †¢ Two new species of the genus Angulitermes (A. bhagsunagensis sp. now) from Himachal Pradesh and Mecrotermes (M. vikaspurensis sp. now) from Uttaranchal have been identified. †¢ Identified Phloeobius crassicollis (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) damaging green culm of Bamboosa bambos for the first time. †¢ Identified causes of mortality of Prosopis cineraria trees and suggested remedial measures for protecting the infested trees. viii. Forest Products Electronic database of available Physical and Mechanical properties of timber species tested so far since 1911 belonging to 510 records prepared. Various calculations of suitability indices and safe working stresses of timber species completed and tested. †¢ Standardized m †¢ ethods for vegetable dyes from Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus, Eupatorium glandulosum and Azadirachta indica. †¢ Obtained VAC-FRI technology for treatment of green bamboo. †¢ Developed Plasticisation technique for palms and selected bamboo species. †¢ Studied post harvest technologies on non-traditional, under-exploited locally available timber species for suitability to handicraft and other small scale Industries. Assessed wood quality of Simarouba glauca for its timber value. †¢ Developed alternative preservatives of m ore economic value and schedules for their incorporation in wood. †¢ Standardized seasoning and preservation technique for Rubber wood. †¢ Reconstituted wood from lops tops of Eucalyptus, Poplar, Lantana and Bamboo. †¢ Furniture made from preservative treated (CCA and Chloropyriphos) under pressure treatment plant and seasoned wood of all the three plantation of lesser-known timber species viz. A. tortilis, P. juliflora and P. cineraria. ix. Non Wood Forest Produce †¢ Launched a website on medicinal plants market trend http://marketinfoherbs. icfre. org by FRI. Initiated studies to propagate high altitude medicinal plants –Microstylis wallichii, Berginia ciliata, Valeriana jatamasi and Swertia chirayita by following non-destructive methods at lower elevation). †¢ Isolated the parthenium lignocellulosic material and converted into fibres, which were analysed for physical properties for development of Medium Density Fibre Board. †¢ Established agr oforestry based medicinal plant cultivation research plots in Haryana and at Dehradun. The cost economics of cultivation of different medicinal plants under different agroforestry and horticultural species studied. †¢ Studied lac cultivation on non-traditional host Flemingia spp. and its possibility in sustainable plantation forestry. †¢ Studied economic evaluation of NTFPs in tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh nd standardized methodologies for extraction and value addition of NWFP providing sustenance to tribals. †¢ Standardized Nursery Techniques for Mass Propagation of Selected Medicinal Plant Species. †¢ Estimated heavy metals (lead and arsenic) in vegetable dye of Butea monospema and Woodfordia fruticosa. †¢ Studied production of alpha cellulose from Lantana camara and its chemical modification for industrial applications. †¢ Extraction and dyeing trials with dyes from Lantana leaves, Cassia tora seeds and Eucalyptus hybrid leaves using different mordan t were carried out. †¢ Methods standardized for production of alpha cellulose and its derivatives from Lantana camara for a variety of applications. Methods standardized for vegetable dyes from Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus, Eupatorium glandulosum and Azadirachta indica. †¢ Methods standardized for compost making from Parthenium for effective utilization of weeds. x. Eco-restoration Studies †¢ Reclaimed problem soils like quartz dumps, magnesite / lime stone mine spoils using suitable tree species and proper soil amendments. †¢ Studied biological reclamation of fly ash dumps at Thermal power station area, Korba and Chachai. †¢ Standardized afforestation technique for sodic soils and reclamation of wastelands- FRI. xi. Environmental Impact Assessment †¢ Conducted comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment Management Plan for Bodhghat Hydro Electric Project, CSEB, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Environmental Impact Assessment of Seismic Operati ons in Krishna Godavari Basin (KG-ON-1) for Reliance Industries Ltd. , Mumbai. †¢ Prepared final mine closure plan for Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOL), Bangalore – This has been prepared first time in the Country, as per the directive of Honorable Supreme Court to KIOCL. †¢ Ecological Assessment of forest areas falling Under Kol Dam Hydroelectric Project in Bilaspur District of H. P. xii. Biodiversity Conservation and Assessment †¢ Ecological assessment of Dipterocarp forest with reference to distribution, abundance rarity and profile sketch of evergreen forest is carried out in Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary. Spatial distribution mapping and population dynamics of 21 threatened medicinal plants carried out in Silent valley and kolli hills MPCAs of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. †¢ Collected 640 plant species belonging to 90 different families from the cold desert areas. Three hundred forty five species have been identified as unique species. Twenty-seven spe cies of medicinal importance declared as red listed medicinal plants. †¢ Forest Invasive Species: (FIS) is a priority issue under the Convention on Biological Diversity, accordingly, based on information received from regional ICFRE Institutes, a brochure published on ‘Forest Invasive Species’ as per revised format for Asia Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN). xiii. Climate Change Given observer status of UNFCCC at COP 10 in 2004 in accordance with Article 7, Paragraph 6 of the Convention. †¢ Studied Carbon mitigation potential of farmlands in Betalghat, Nainital, Uttaranchal. †¢ Studied Carbon sequestration potential under farm forestry and community forest. †¢ FORCLIMIT India (MoEF- USEPA Programme – Forests and Climate Change Mitigation Networks). First phase in Udhampur, Nainital, Uttaranchal for farm forestry and forestry was completed. Industrial Potential approach at Singareni coalfield is in progress. xiv. Research on Jatr opha curcas †¢ Isolated and estimated oils and anti-nutritional constituent, phytae in different provenances of Jatropha curcas. Separated toxic fraction of jatropha oil and assessed for antifungal and antibacterial activities. †¢ Identified provenance for high oil content for Jatropha from the clonal germplasm bank. †¢ Established a trial of 32 provenances has been established. †¢ Established germblasm bank of Jatropha in different institutes of ICFRE. xv. ICFRE and Forestry Extension †¢ Conducted number of workshops/ seminars during the year 2002-2007 where researchers, foresters, NGOs, industrialists, Govt. officials, farmers and other entrepreneurs participated. †¢ Developed agroforestry models for different agro climatic zones by ICFRE institutes, primarily for the economic gains of farmers were demonstrated with the help of workshops, seminars and trainings. Made available biological control measures of forestry pests and diseases to stakeholders through extension activities. †¢ Envisaged application of biofertilizers to increase productivity of forestry crop through extensi on mechanisms like brochures, films shows. †¢ Organized training-cum-demonstration on modern techniques of lac cultivation organised at Raipur (Chhattisgarh), Chandwa (Jharkhand), Katghora (Chhattisgarh) and Malichak (Jharkhand). †¢ Developed VAM production facility at TRC, Gandhinagar, State Forest Department, and Gujarat. †¢ Conducted training programme for bamboo artisans at Angamalli Cluster, Kerala. †¢ Uploaded a †¢ bout 3000 herbarium plant species into the ‘Image Analyzer’ programme and made available to the entire country through website. Developed and published training module for Committee Members and Forest Frontline Workers on Joint Forest Management (JFM), Forest Development Agency (FDA), Watershed, Micro Planning and Monitoring Issues as per the guidelines of the National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. xvi. Patents Registered †¢ Micro-propagation of bamboos- patent No. 1137/ MUM/ 2000. †¢ Technology VAC-FRI for Treatment of Green Bamboo- Patent No. 19. 14/03012/2003. †¢ Lignin Copper Complex A and B – Patent No. 963/DEL/2004. †¢ An Apparatus for Post Harvest Treatment and Preservation of Bamboo – Patent No. 425/KOL/2003 on the subject. 3. 1. 3ICFRE and Forestry Education ICFRE, Forest Research Institute (Deemed University) runs Masters and doctoral programmes in various disciplines of forestry at different institutes of ICFRE. In addition, Post Graduate diploma courses on Plantation Technology, Pulp and Paper Technology and Bio-diversity Conservation were also imparted. Three M. Sc. Courses of 2 Years duration-Forestry (Economics Management) (25 seats) ,Wood Science Technology (25 seats) and Environment Management (25 seats), two P. G. D Courses of one year duration were run viz. Sixteen recognized research centers across the country were established for conducting the doctoral program. In the Research Degree Programme, 340 research scholars were registered for Ph. D. degree in different disciplines related to forestry and forest products. These included in-service scientists and forest officers as well were inferred on Ph. D. 3. 1. 4 Grant in Aid to Universities The ICFRE has been providing Grant-in-Aid for developing technical capabilities and strengthening infrastructure in forestry faculty in the Universities imparting forestry education at graduation and post-graduation level. The component of Grant-in-Aid to these Universities from ICFRE was meager during IX Plan. However, in the X Plan a total outlay of Rs. 20. 35 crore has been provided. The ICFRE has set up guidelines and constituted committee to consider the proposals for Grant-in-Aid received from the Universities. A system of monitoring and evaluation for effective and meaningful utilization of Grant-in-Aid has also been put in place. However, since the quantum of Grant-in-Aid being limited share for each University works out to be less than Rs. One crore during plan period or on an average about Rs. 20 lakhs per annum. The major part of Grant-in-Aid has been utilized for creation of infrastructure such as classroom facility, College labs, hostels, computer center etc. In addition, support is provided for strengthening of library facilities, equipments and conduct of educational study tours. There are, in all, 26 Universities to which Grant-in-Aid is provided. Forestry Education which was aimed at imparting knowledge on various aspects in for How to cite Report of the Working Group on the Environment, Essay examples

Cognitive Dissonance in Mean Girls Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Dissonance in Mean Girls. Answer: Definition of Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT) Cognitive Dissonance refers to the mental discomfort that is experienced by a person when he has to perform an action that contradicts the values and personal beliefs of a person. (Ciao et al., 2015). According to the principle of consistency theory, new stimuli are assimilated with that of the old encountered stimuli. If the new stimulus is found to be inconsistent, then acute discomfort is experienced by the person. Human beings crave for consistency and psychological inconsistency gives rise to dissonance. Dissonance triggers effort that helps in achieving consonance. The cognitions that are contradictory and are of less importance give rise to less amount of dissonance. The relevant cognitions being consistent and outnumbering the dissonant one, will produce less amount of dissonance. Attitudes and thoughts that are inconsistent give rise to feelings of dissonance that provides a feeling of unpleasant arousal. The dissonant beliefs should be reduced and adding to the consonant be liefs can serve as useful techniques in dealing with the dissonance. Application of Cognitive Dissonance Theory in Mean Girls Cady Heron who was born in Africa was a victim of culture shock when she joined the American High School and wanted to become a part of the girl world. Friendships are fake in that world and tensions are rampant as she is forced to assimilate in the Plastics that is a popular group. It brings to the fore a strong woman who has a fixed perspective on everything. (Oliver, 2013).The movie highlights the brutality that exists in the heart of the high school students. Cadys life in high school is full of such situations that compel her to reject values related to her previous life. She is forced to assimilate in the new culture that gives rise to cognitive dissonance. Her external appearance along with her internal self undergoes a drastic transformation. Regina the Queen Bea, has assimilated herself in the life of high school and she is also a result of the factor of dissonance. Her friend wants to sabotage her life, blackmail her and spread wrong information regarding her. Cady soon becomes like the Plastics when she wants to cut off the resources of Regina and want to separate her from Aaron and destroys her beauty. She manages to turn Gretchen Wieners along with that of Karen Smith against that of Regina. Cady pretends to be weak at math so that she can get the attention of Aaron and arranges the break-up between that of Aaron and Regina. She confesses regarding the infidelity of Regina with that of another boy. Cady does this because she cann ot ingratiate herself in the new culture and she wants to break the bonds and friendships of her friends at school. It is her insecurity that led her to do this (Walsh, Sekarasih Scharrer, 2014). Cady was facing difficulty because she cannot easily integrate herself in the new culture and took the evil way out. Cady forces Regina to have the high calorie nutrition bars by saying that it would help her to lose weight. Gretchen who is the Dumb Girl also suffers from cognitive dissonance but cognitive dissonance is felt less by her as compared to that of Cady. When Regina starts favouring Cady instead of Gretchen, then Gretcen feels insulted and her world is shattered. Gretchen then loses her sense of morality and begins spreading gossip and wrong information regarding Regina (Cvencek, Meltzoff Kapur, 2014). The character of Karen faces the least case of cognitive dissonance and she is the least vitriolic of all the characters. Her character serves like a basic moral compass. Karen recognizes the mean and abject behavior of the girls. Gretchens burst of dissonance comes to light when she over shares secrets regarding Regina to Caddy. Her feelings can be easily understood with t he use of expression: Ive never told anyone this before (Oppliger, 2013). In order to get revenge on the character of Regina, Cady undergoes a lot of transformation and moulds herself in the image of Regina without realizing that the qualities of Regina does not deserve not be imitated. Social influence along with peer pressure compelled Cady to change herself and changes in circumstance and situation led to drastic changes in the behavior of Cady. (Brock et al., 2014). Cady was put into a place which maintained a great degree of social influence. She went on to give more importance to the meanest girls at school which cost her greatly. Cady was so overcome by the need to fit in that she forgot about all the moral principles that she was taught. Regina kissed the guy on whom Cady had a crush thus infuriating Cady, Janice along with Damian. They fed her Kalteen bars which made her grow fatter and gave her foot-cream to apply on her face. Regina is soon kicked out of the Plastics which makes the room for a new Queen Bae. When Cady becomes a Plastic then Regina gets revenge on her by writing about her in Burn Book. They then undergo a trust workshop where Jenice tells Regina that Cady becoming a member of Plastic was only a matter of joke. Cady Heron undergoes de-individuation in the movie and she has to lose her sense of self-awareness (Rohde et al., 2016). In the Spring Fling Dance, Cady got elected as the Queen and in her famous acceptance speech she declared that her victory does not hold any meaning and she recognizes that everyone has their own wonderful abilities. The victory in a sense belongs to everyone. Cady breaking her tiara and distributing it to her other class mates stands as a gesture that is symbolic. Cady understand that quarrelling is futile and ingratiates herself with that of Janis, Damien and Aaron. She reaches truce with that of The Plastics (Antoniou, Doukas Subrahmanyam, 2013). By the start of the next year, The Plastics disbanded. Regina joins the team of lacrosse, Karen got acknowledged as the school weather girl and Gretchen joined the gang of Cool Asians. Conformity plays a great role in changing the actions of the characters in the movie Mean Girls. People follow the behavior of other people so that they can go along with the accepted social norms and they seek approval of their individuality. Cady has two perspectives in relation to the popular group- The Plastics. On one hand, she views The Plastic as evil and on the other hand she starts craving for the attention and liking of the group. These are the two cognitive dissonances that compel Cady to face the issue of cognitive dissonance (Bae, 2016). There is a part of her that is ideal which does not go along with that of the moral policy of The Plastics and she goes around with them in order to pull the characters down. On the other hand, is her real self that is hanging out with The Plastics so that she can be liked by the group. The character of Regina George who is considered to be very popular in school also undergoes a lot of conflict in their mind. Her ideal and her real self cannot easily match up. Her ideal self wants to become more popular but her real self is extremely self-conscious Moore, P. A. (2016). She just tries to make the pretence of being confident and assumes a kind of stance that is unflawed. She was concerned regarding her weight and did not want her school mates to think that she was fat. Conclusion and Implication In the course of the movie, Cady becomes like the Plastics and she becomes judgemental and she tries to fit in the wrong place. She loses her identity by conforming to the behavior of Plastics. The movie Mean Girls thus shows Cady trying to assimilate into a foreign culture and the mental turmoil that she had to endure in order to fit in the new life. Cady undergoes Cognitive Dissonance in her new social milieu as the culture perpetrated on her was drastically different from that of her life in Africa (Trekels Eggermont, 2017). Fake Friendships are exhibited in the movie Mean Girls and Cady has to endure a lot of tensions since she is forced to assimilate in the popular group Plastics. Karen has to go through the least case of cognitive dissonance and her character serves the role of that of a moral compass. Karen understands the mean behavior of the girls. Conformity plays a pivotal role that changes the mindset of characters in the movie Mean Girls. People followed and imitated th e behavior of other people irrespective of the fact whether they were right or wrong (Halliwell Diedrichs, 2014). Getting recognized and assimilation was more important for them as compared to that of the following the right moral path. While on the one hand Cady views The Plastic as an evil group on the other hand she starts still gropes for getting attention from the malicious group craving for the attention. These two cognitive dissonances force Cady to face cognitive dissonance and she undergoes a lot of mental turmoil. References: Antoniou, C., Doukas, J. A., Subrahmanyam, A. (2013). Cognitive dissonance, sentiment, and momentum.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,48(1), 245-275. Bae, B. B. (2016). Believing Selves and Cognitive Dissonance: Connecting Individual and Society via Belief.Religions,7(7), 86. Brock, C. H., Oikonomidoy, E. M., Wulfing, K., Pennington, J. L., Obenchain, K. M. (2014). Mean girls go to college: Exploring femalefemale relational bullying in an undergraduate literacy methods course.Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology,20(4), 516. Ciao, A. C., Latner, J. D., Brown, K. E., Ebneter, D. S., Becker, C. B. (2015). Effectiveness of a peer?delivered dissonance?based program in reducing eating disorder risk factors in high school girls.International Journal of Eating Disorders,48(6), 779-784. Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., Kapur, M. (2014). Cognitive consistency and mathgender stereotypes in Singaporean children.Journal of experimental child psychology,117, 73-91. Halliwell, E., Diedrichs, P. C. (2014). Testing a dissonance body image intervention among young girls.Health Psychology,33(2), 201. Moore, P. A. (2016). Smells Like Teen Spirit. InThe Hidden Power of Smell(pp. 167-186). Springer International Publishing. Oliver, R. T. (2013).Cognitive Dissonance: The Causal Factor for Drop Out from Parent Training Programs among Ethnically Diverse Parent Populations. Northcentral University. Oppliger, P. A. (2013).Bullies and Mean Girls in Popular Culture. McFarland. Rohde, P., Stice, E., Shaw, H., Gau, J. M. (2016). Pilot trial of a dissonance-based cognitive-behavioral group depression prevention with college students.Behaviour research and therapy,82, 21-27. Trekels, J., Eggermont, S. (2017). Aspiring to have the looks of a celebrity: young girls engagement in appearance management behaviors.European Journal of Pediatrics, 1-7. Walsh, K. R., Sekarasih, L., Scharrer, E. (2014). Mean Girls and Tough Boys: Children's Meaning Making and Media Literacy Lessons on Gender and Bullying in the United States.Journal of Children and Media,8(3), 223-239.

Flowers For Algernon, By Daniel Keyes Essays - Censorship In Canada

Flowers for Algernon, by Daniel Keyes Medical operations are carried out everyday, but for some, an operation can change a person's life. One experiment was done on a mentally retarded person to try to raise his intelligence. The experiment worked, but after months, the patient regressed dramatically. In the book, Flowers for Algernon, by Daniel Keyes, this intelligence operation was preformed, and the patient was Charlie Gordon. After the operation, Charlie was very bright, but experienced psychological traumas, loneliness, disillusionment, and social inadequacies. Charlie's psychological traumas or emotional upset was caused by his memory recalls. After his operation, he remembered every aspect of his childhood, whether it was good or bad. "...He's normal! He's normal! He'll grow up like other people. Better than others..." Charlie had dreams of how his mother was ashamed of him. His mother always thought her son was normal and would grow up a nd be somebody. "...He's like a baby. He can't play Monopoly or checkers or anything. I won't play with him anymore..." Charlie's sister also ignored him. To her, Charlie was dumb and could not do anything. Charlie had dreams of his sister yelling at him and making fun of him. He also had memories of the night his parents took him to the Warren Home. He was terrified and his dad would never answer his questions. Charlie remembered his childhood and through his memories, he felt guilty for hurting his family. After the operation, Charlie also suffered from disillusionment. In the bakery he used to have friends. Friends that would talk to him and care about him. "...Why? Because all of the sudden your a bigshot. You think you are better than the rest of us..." Charlie then realized that he had no friends but merely knew people that made fun of him. The bakery employees just liked him because they could blame their mistakes on Charlie. Then, they could not do this after the operation, so they all turned against Charlie. "...I had to find out just how much they knew. I found out. Nothing..." "Both frauds" Charlie also found out about Nemur and Strauss. He realized they were not professionals, but two men that were taking a shot in the dark. Charlie felt like an expendable lab specimen. Thus, Charlie had lost his friends and knew now he was just a like a lab rat. Charlie had lacked faith in his fellow man. "...Thoughts of suicide to stop it all while I am still in control..." Everyday Charlie lost a piece of himself. He was starting to regress and thought about suicide to end his up and down life. He became irritable and edgy around people at the university. He would become mad at people very quickly and then yell at them. His self-centered and arrogant personality was a symptom of his regression. People stayed away from him beca use he was becoming a madman and was unpredictable. Because of this, Charlie became lonely in his last weeks before he regressed totally. "...Intelligence without the ability to give and receive affection can lead to a mental breakdown..." Charlie experienced social inadequacies while he was intelligent. "...You know as well as I do, you don't need to work here anymore..." Charlie lost his job because he was to smart to work in a bakery. He could not socially interact with people he worked with and the people he met. Also, Charlie could not perform with Alice or Fay. "...I saw him watching me with his eyes wide open. I couldn't do it..." He experienced illusions when he tried to make love with Alice. The "Charlie" inside of himself emerged and started to regain control of his mind. All in all, Charlie suffered from the pain of not knowing how to deal with his peers and decisions. Therefore, after the operati on, Charlie became a smart man but he had to pay the price for it. He had psychological traumas, suffered from loneliness and illusions, and did not know how to act with his peers. Charlie regressed and finally went to the Warren Home, but he at least experienced the world through normal eyes. On the other hand, Charlie might of been better off without the Flowers For Algernon, By Daniel Keyes Essays - Censorship In Canada Flowers for Algernon, by Daniel Keyes Medical operations are carried out everyday, but for some, an operation can change a person's life. One experiment was done on a mentally retarded person to try to raise his intelligence. The experiment worked, but after months, the patient regressed dramatically. In the book, Flowers for Algernon, by Daniel Keyes, this intelligence operation was preformed, and the patient was Charlie Gordon. After the operation, Charlie was very bright, but experienced psychological traumas, loneliness, disillusionment, and social inadequacies. Charlie's psychological traumas or emotional upset was caused by his memory recalls. After his operation, he remembered every aspect of his childhood, whether it was good or bad. "...He's normal! He's normal! He'll grow up like other people. Better than others..." Charlie had dreams of how his mother was ashamed of him. His mother always thought her son was normal and would grow up a nd be somebody. "...He's like a baby. He can't play Monopoly or checkers or anything. I won't play with him anymore..." Charlie's sister also ignored him. To her, Charlie was dumb and could not do anything. Charlie had dreams of his sister yelling at him and making fun of him. He also had memories of the night his parents took him to the Warren Home. He was terrified and his dad would never answer his questions. Charlie remembered his childhood and through his memories, he felt guilty for hurting his family. After the operation, Charlie also suffered from disillusionment. In the bakery he used to have friends. Friends that would talk to him and care about him. "...Why? Because all of the sudden your a bigshot. You think you are better than the rest of us..." Charlie then realized that he had no friends but merely knew people that made fun of him. The bakery employees just liked him because they could blame their mistakes on Charlie. Then, they could not do this after the operation, so they all turned against Charlie. "...I had to find out just how much they knew. I found out. Nothing..." "Both frauds" Charlie also found out about Nemur and Strauss. He realized they were not professionals, but two men that were taking a shot in the dark. Charlie felt like an expendable lab specimen. Thus, Charlie had lost his friends and knew now he was just a like a lab rat. Charlie had lacked faith in his fellow man. "...Thoughts of suicide to stop it all while I am still in control..." Everyday Charlie lost a piece of himself. He was starting to regress and thought about suicide to end his up and down life. He became irritable and edgy around people at the university. He would become mad at people very quickly and then yell at them. His self-centered and arrogant personality was a symptom of his regression. People stayed away from him beca use he was becoming a madman and was unpredictable. Because of this, Charlie became lonely in his last weeks before he regressed totally. "...Intelligence without the ability to give and receive affection can lead to a mental breakdown..." Charlie experienced social inadequacies while he was intelligent. "...You know as well as I do, you don't need to work here anymore..." Charlie lost his job because he was to smart to work in a bakery. He could not socially interact with people he worked with and the people he met. Also, Charlie could not perform with Alice or Fay. "...I saw him watching me with his eyes wide open. I couldn't do it..." He experienced illusions when he tried to make love with Alice. The "Charlie" inside of himself emerged and started to regain control of his mind. All in all, Charlie suffered from the pain of not knowing how to deal with his peers and decisions. Therefore, after the operati on, Charlie became a smart man but he had to pay the price for it. He had psychological traumas, suffered from loneliness and illusions, and did not know how to act with his peers. Charlie regressed and finally went to the Warren Home, but he at least experienced the world through normal eyes. On the other hand, Charlie might of been better off without the

6 really smart answers to the toughest interview questions

6 really smart answers to the toughest interview questions You’re in a job interview, and have been rocking all the usual questions that come your way. What’s your five-year plan? Tell me about your last job. What brought you to this industry in the first place? Then there’s a question that stumps you a little, and you pause. Uh oh, they’ve hit a gap in your prep, or touched on an uncomfortable subject. How do you deal with questions that you didn’t anticipate? Let’s look at some of the toughest interview questions, and some sample responses.I know everyone has a go-to â€Å"weakness† in these job interviews, but what’s your real biggest weakness?I tend to take on too much myself, because I have high standards and get impatient when others don’t meet them. But I’m working on my delegating skills and learning how to let others do their jobs while I do mine.Why do you have so many jobs on your resume? Do you consider yourself a â€Å"job hopper†?No, I don’t thi nk of it that way. I have been very faithful to my vision when it comes to my career. I have very specific goals, long-term, and have taken advantage of growth opportunities along the way when certain jobs started to feel stagnant. For example, I left XYZ Corp because there was no room for professional development, no chance to be promoted. That’s why I was so excited to hear about your opening here. This is the kind of place I can see myself growing and evolving for a long time.Looking at your resume, you’re awfully senior for this junior-level job. How do we know you won’t jump ship as soon as something else comes along?I’m a big believer that you can’t always take a linear approach to your career, that it’s about the quality of experience rather than the quantity. This job appeals to me because it’s a chance to learn and grow in an area that interests me for the future, so to me that step back in seniority is an investment.It looks like you have a significant gap on your resume, and your cover letter mentioned that you took time off to start a family. Will you be having more kids in the near future?Taking time off was a choice that worked best at the time, but now I’m ready to move forward with the next phase, and focus fully on the next steps in my career. [Note: it’s illegal for interviewers to ask about your family status, so if you get a sneaky question like this one, it’s best to turn it into a general answer without giving specific information about your spouse, your family, your personal plans, etc.]Do you think you’ve peaked in your career?Oh jeez, I hope not! But seriously, I don’t think of a career as an uphill/downhill thing. I try to keep learning new things and finding new and better ways to do my job. So it’s less about being on the way up or on the way down, and more about keeping things moving forward, no matter what.How would you deal with a colleague who threw you under the bus for something that was their fault?Office politics are always fun, right? Seriously, though, I’d start by taking it up with the person directly. I don’t think there’s anything to gain from publicly humiliating anyone, even if they just tried to do it to me. I’d also make sure that my boss privately understands the reality of what went on- what my role was in the issue, whether I shared any of the blame, or what I did to help resolve the problem.If you’re facing challenging questions, don’t stress out too much, and don’t let yourself get that â€Å"deer in headlights† look. The most important thing is to pivot the question into familiar territory- especially if you can use it to highlight one of your strengths, or emphasize your goals.

Law of succession Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law of succession - Assignment Example Browne. The deceased will of Mr. Harbottle was homemade and was formulated in the year 2010 on 22nd March. Circumstantially, Mr. Browne appointed Ms. Josie Morrison, who is a professional solicitor of Morrison and Jeffries LLP with the aim of advising him with regard to certain issues with respect to the will signed by Mr. Harbottle. To be specific, in the will, the name of the executor who is Mr. Browne has been misspelled as ‘Mr. Brown’. Moreover, the address of Mr. Browne has been inscribed wrongly in the will which has again raised confusions regarding the gains of Mr. Browne from the will by Mr. Harbottle. Furthermore, as the will was roughly torn, which damaged the date of signing the will, the specifications mentioned in the same became hardly interpretable that again increased confusions. Additionally, the last two letters of the surname of the testator was also found torn wherein Mr. Browne denied any such careless act from his end and also did not depict any si gnificant interest of the gifted amount of ?50,000 being wealthy in his own right. Sometimes back, Mr. Browne formulated his will and assigned Harriet Reid, the accountant of Mr. Browne, to be his executor. Mr. Browne further deciphered his unwillingness to accept the gift offered through the will by Mr. Harbottle in order to prevent high tax imposition. Mr. Browne has planned to provide this sum to the daughter of his gardener, Mary Stapleton for her university study. Additionally, the case scenario depicts that Mr. Browne is pleased with the service of Ms. Morrison and has therefore planned to pay her a sum of ?5000 be means of inheritance in his will. The will of Mr. Browne also specifies that if she dies before Mr. Browne, the sum will be paid to her husband. Discussion The Issues Which Are Identified In the Case Mr. Browne has observed that there are number of issues in relation to the deceased will of Mr. Harbottle. As Mr. Browne is the ultimate executor of the will, he has ra ised the issue that his name has been misspelled as ‘Brown’ instead of ‘Browne’ in the will. Moreover, Mr. Browne has also noticed that the address which has been mentioned in the will is inappropriate or wrong as Mr. Browne resides in a different place when the will was formed. Additionally, Mr. Browne and Late Mr. Harbottle were dweller of a same village but Mr. Browne could not remember to promise to execute the will of Harbottle owing to the absence of any deep relation with Mr. Harbottle. However, Mr. Browne is willing to carry out the will even though he is reluctant to accept the entire amount gifted due to tax implications and has thus planned to gift the amount to his gardener’s daughter if obtained [Wilson v. Beddard (1841) 12 Sim. 28]1. In this regard, Mr. Browne is seemed to be confused about the procedures which are required for the appropriate execution of the will. Contextually, it is important that the name as well as address of an ex ecutor or executors should be mentioned in detail taking into account the up-dated data for better validity of the will. Eventually, the misspelled name of the executor may restrict Mr. Browne from executing the will of Late Mr. Harbottle. Moreover, the address of Mr. Browne was also mentioned as incorrect. As per the ‘Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975’ the name and address of an executors or executors are required to be mentioned correctly for the appropriate execution of the will of a late person2 [Barrett v Bem [2012] EWCA Civ 52]3. Furthermore, an

Advertising Argument Paper. Coke Advertisements Research Paper

Advertising Argument . Coke Advertisements - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the advertisement targets all groups of persons on each. The advertisement focuses on the young, old, not so young and the not so old people reading the advertisements. The advertising shown above is typical of bandwagon advertising. Under this type of advertising, the advertising is geared towards enticing the prospective client to go along with what the majority of the group, community, or society is engaging in – drinking a can of ice-cold coke. This researcher closely identifies with the product. This researcher always drinks a minimum of one bottle of coke each day. There are no traces of race –bias or race discrimination in the Coke advertisement. Likewise, there are no traces of race –bias or race discrimination in the Coke advertisement. In addition, there are no traces of class–bias or class discrimination in the coke advertisement. A coke can is shown on side of a coke refrigerator or cooler. The advertisement is does not contain word or written message to indicate the benefits of patronizing (drinking) a coke product. This paper makes a conclusion that the coke advertisements on a Coke refrigerator is very effective in generating more sales. Advertising increases on coke product sales. The toulmin style of argumentative essay clearly shows all aspects of the making a good argumentative paper. Indeed, advertising increases the desire to buy coke products when compared to coke products stocked inside an advertisement-free white painted refrigerator.

Strategies for Reaching the New Hybrid Consumer Research Proposal

Strategies for Reaching the New Hybrid Consumer - Research Proposal Example Many major enterprises, including Ford, General Electric and Merck, have invested millions in web-based procurement systems. This result invoice that use to cost $100 to process now cost as little as $20. Companies are also forming online buying alliances to secure even deeper volume discounts from suppliers. GM, Ford and Daimler Chrysler formed co-visit and believe they can save as much as $1,200 a car by combining their purchases on this electronic market place (Kotler, 2003). As a coordinator of the team, I collected my team members with all their study materials what they had collected. I organized regular meetings of team members and as a team, we collected and debated all the information we have about B2B marketing from time to time. These collective analyses of study material, as well as its critical analysis, provided us with deeper insight into the various aspects of B2B marketing. A critical reading and collective understanding provided us B2B marketing greater understandin g which was free from preset ideologies, self-deception, and confinement. This collective searching and reading have provided us the openness to change through a sustained process of questioning. This process of questioning through collective reading and searching provided and opened us to various kinds of exploration, experiments with ideas, new possibilities or potential.

Humes Theory of Cause and Effect

Humes Theory of Cause and Effect Poyan Keynejad When discussing Humes account of cause and effect, various influences are interpreted in this relationship. Hume explains how cause and effect tend to come in sequences, as in trains of thought consisting of ideas, necessity, and skepticism. These three ideas explain the pinnacle of Humes cause and effect theory. When discussing ideas, one must consider the fact that ideas range from death-defying to enlightening. For example, when Hume discusses ideology, he mentions a golden mountain. When we think of a golden mountain, we only join two consistent ideas, gold and mountain. All of our ideas or more feeble perceptions are copies of our impressions or more lively ones. (Hume 212) Hume only says that whenever there is an idea, there will be a compounded thought process which reflects whether this idea is beneficial or negligible. (Hume 214) For example, when a mastermind robber, plans to rob a bank, he refers to a process in which his ideas are portrayed physically or visually, then le ads to a scenario of what ifs? These ideas or What ifs? are usually derived as a cause and effect of certain ideas. When referring to the bank robber, what if a meticulous layout of laser security or armed forces? What would happen if he was apprehended? These are usually questions that are asked when ideas when associating ideas with cause and effect. When referring to necessity, one must understand the definition of necessity: a condition or set of circumstances, such as physical laws or social rules, that inevitably requires a certain result. Hume addresses the problem of how liberty is intertwined with metaphysical necessity Hume believes that arguments on necessity and liberty are based on a lack of prior agreement on definitions. Necessity contributes to Humes thought processes in which human nature springs from a certain regularity that we observe in human behavior in all sorts of circumstances. (Hume 222) For example, when referencing a need, some may introduce nourishment and shelter, while others require love and understanding. With necessity, Hume assumes liberty as actions acted upon necessity (Hume 230). So with liberty, how can one differentiate the difference between liberty or necessity? This argument creates a conundrum which Hume himself creates an ideal that necessity may drive an individual to a cause and effect state. Last, when referring to skepticism, one must understand that it is in every possible situation that creates a state of anxiety or nervousness. This quote clearly explains skepticism, We need only ask such a skeptic, What his meaning is? And what he proposes by all these curious researches? He is immediately at a loss, and knows not what to answer a Pyrrhonian cannot expect, that his philosophy will have any constant influence on the mind: or if it had, that its influence would be beneficial to society. On the contrary, he must acknowledge, if he will acknowledge anything, that all human life must perish, were his principles universally and steadily to prevail.(Hume 226) Hume discusses the purpose of the situation. Along with that, he implicates that there should be a definite answer: Simply a cause and effect with proof. Another quote explains When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make? (Hume 238) For example, if there cause of an incident, should there be a solution? Humes refers to havoc as an analysis of a problem, referring to its cause and effect, and introducing a solution. When referring to cause and effect, skepticism plays a significant role due to any actions made. Group II: Churchland Eliminative materialism is the radical claim that our ordinary, common-sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist (Churchland 287). In short, Churchland believes that humans were wrong about a lot of situations, that there is no plausible reason to believe it. One might also gripe that the theory is over optimistic about future of eliminative materialism. Churchland critically plays the role of hypocrite to his own belief, but in reality, eliminative materialism is farfetched idea which compares to witch-craft. The theory has a high sense of doubt not because the prospects for a materialist account of our mental capacities were thought to be poor because it seemed to disorient the logic of those who believe in this theory. Churchland in his article summarizes how common-sense psychological framework is a false and radically misleading conception of the causes of human behavior and the nature of cognitive activity. The initial plausibility of this rather radical view is low for almost everyone, since it denies deeply entrenched assumptions (Churchland 288). Churchland reinforces these statements by quoting, Eliminative materialism does not imply the end of our normative concerns. It implies only that they will have to be reconstituted at a more revealing level of understanding, the level that a matured neuroscience will provide. Thus, we must be careful not to indulge in the denial of the antecedent of a conditional (Churchland 289). Essentially the explanation is whittled down to where if folk psychology is true, then human obey certain ideal; if folk psychology is falsified; humans do not obey these ideals (Churchland 290). This logic is very skewed and creates a very confusing thought process. Essentially there is no questioning process, only a cut-and-dry thought process. Therefore the point of eliminative materialism is that categorization of mental states according to our ordinary, everyday understanding is illegitimate, because it is not supported by the best scientific taxonomies that deal with mental life, such as neuroscience. Some eliminative materialist authors add the further claim that future neuroscience will, in fact, eliminate all non-scientific vocabulary related to the domain of mental states (Churchland 289). When contemplating how eliminative materialism is actually viable, and someone provides low-quality proof, there must be some doubt. Churchlands article was very inconsistent and produced contradictions and a skewed sense of logic. Group III: Parfit Derek Parfit proposed that we separate the notions of identity and survival. In regards to identity he questions the how personal identity must have a definitive answer. He may sometimes explain how some of have an insufficient amount of personal identity, which would present a problem given certain criteria. Along with that, he explains how personal identity is of critical importance; When referring to the previous statement, one must have an established state of personal identity. (Parfit 353) His idea of importance toward an individuals identity makes complete sense, yet compromises a number his thoughts with illogical ideals. When regarding survival, he explains how survivability does not depend on an identity. While his ideas on identity make sense, he is not very persuasive when it comes to survivability. When an individual develops an identity, they usually have a certain stigma that follows them; i.e educator, enforcer, nurturer. Parfit indicates how the question of personal identity is not really that critical to an individuals lifestyle. (Parfit 354) To establish his theory on identity Parfit asks the reader to imagine a case of fission, where a mans brain is split into two and both halves are separately transplanted into two waiting, brainless bodies, On the assumption that both resulting people have my character and apparent memories. (Parfit 355) When thinking about this situation, brain removal usually means tantamount death on both sides of the human, but when speaking metaphorically Parfit believes that two individuals are conclusively different. In regards to the splitting of the human brain he summarizes If all the possible answers are implausible, it is hard to decide which of them is true, and hard even to keep the belief that one of them must be true. (Parfit 356) Parfi t indicates how the implications of personal identity are far ranging, and there is no definitive answer, post-experiment. It seems proper that if Parfits hypothesis is correct on self and identity, our inherited metaphysical schemes collapse. (Parfit 360) In regards to survival, Parfit believes that survivability can be possible without a personal identity. He states that, You could be two bodies with a divided mind. (Parfit 353) Essentially he implies that if the brain is split into two different entities, with a proven stream of conscious, that there are two separate identities. When incorporating these entities into survival, Parfit believes that these entities do not attribute to the success into survival, but the relation to a degree. (Parfit 354) When identifying survival, Parfit approaches the situation in a third person perspective. He doesnt account for someones life, abilities, identity, hopes, or dreams. Parfits theory of survivability incorporates some logic, but the line is crossed when survivability is not accounted for. Parfit needs to supplement his account by saying to what degree these psychological connectedness must obtain in order to count as survival, or his theory predicts that one can survive as another person without dying. His idea on survivability retains a very inconclusive point of view, which remains to be unpersuasive.