Religion and Economics in Robinson Crusoe and Protestant Ethic and the

Religion and Economics in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalismâ â â â â â â â â â â One of the most perceived and compelling speculations in human science shows up in Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which connects the advancement of free enterprise to social and social components, principally religion, rather than financial factors alone. In his hypothesis Weber presumes that the Protestant Ethic significantly impacted the advancement of free enterprise in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years. As indicated by Gordon Marshall, Weber contends that the two most significant elements of Protestantism adding to private enterprise were ingenuity in common reasons for living or employments and the thought of fate (71). On the off chance that to be sure these strict variables influenced the ascent of private enterprise, it would bode well that other social components, for example, writing, would reflect both Protestant and entrepreneur belief system. This article shows that in actuality such Protestant thoughts as calling and destin y, which were available in the religion of the time, interface with entrepreneur thoughts in Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, who was himself a sincere Protestant that pre-owned his works to impact both the strict and monetary perspectives on his perusers (Earle 31). On the off chance that Weber's contention is reasonable, at that point Robinson Crusoe may serve to speak to in fiction the Protestant Ethic in mid eighteenth century society and its creating soul of private enterprise. A particularly fascinating inquiry that emerges from this investigation is the way a social structure that is customarily viewed as a-good, uncalled for, and materialistic (i.e., financial aspects) can be supported by a structure that is viewed as good, just, and profound (i.e., rel... ...ork: Scribner's, 1954. Earle, Peter. The World of Defoe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976. Forell, George W. The Protestant Faith. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1960. Marshall, Gordon. In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism: An Essay on Max Weber's Protestant Ethic Thesis. New York: Columbia UP, 1982. Pauck, Wilhelm. The Heritage of Reformation. New York: Oxford UP, 1950. Reshef, Yonatan. Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. n. pag. On the web. Web. 5 October 1999. Accessible: http://courses.bus.ualberta.ca/orga417/weber.htm Tawney, R. H. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study. London: Hazell, Watson, and Viney, 1926. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. On the web. 10 October 1999. Accessible: http://www.spc.uchicago.edu/ssrl/PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html#weber2. Â

Ethical aspects of science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literary Analysis of The True Story of Hansel and Gretel Essay

Set in Poland during the German occupation, â€Å"The True Story of Hansel and Gretel† is told as a fantasy, using a considerable lot of the components that are basic to fantasies. This book mirrors the Grimm brothers’ fantasy, â€Å"Hansel and Gretel.† However, in Murphy’s illustration, Hansel and Gretel are two Jewish youngsters who are deserted by their dad and stepmother so as to spare them from the Nazis. Setting the story in Nazi Germany makes a climate of dread and nervousness, and sets up a situation in which it is workable for individuals to act in manners that would be inadmissible under different conditions. The stepmother is a genuine case of this. She is the power in the family †it is she who concludes that everybody in the family will have a superior possibility of endurance, in the event that they split up †the kids going off alone together and the guardians changing course. Not at all like the depiction of the stepmother in the Grimm fantasy, this stepmother isn't underhanded. She is solid willed and decided, yet not detestable, despite the fact that she is securing herself and her significant other by deserting the kids. Utilizing the stepmother as the scalawag is regular in fantasies, as indicated by Stone in her article â€Å"Things Walt Disney Didn’t Tell Us.† She recommends that the lady of the family is almost consistently picked for the piece of the scoundrel. Be that as it may, in Murphy’s story, the stepmother’s activities, while they may seem disgusting at the start, might be interpreted as courageous at long last, since she just relinquishes the youngsters so as to spare them. She additionally thinks profoundly about the children’s government assistance, enough that she loses her life because of endeavoring to discover them. In this example, Murphy is helping us that the repulsions to remember the time were so incredible th... ...s not requested to utilize rationale and thus the passionate effect of the story is more straightforward and maybe increasingly powerful. This book left me with a more profound feeling of the repulsions experienced by the Polish individuals, particularly the Jews and the tramps, because of the Germans, while showing the blend of expectation and fantastic strength that propped them up. Works Cited Murphy, Louise, (2013). The Real Story of Hansel and Gretel. Penguin Books. Stone, Kay (1975). Things Walt Disney Never Told Us. The Journal of American Old stories, Vol 88, No 347, Women and Folklore pp42-50, University of Illinois Press. Hansjorg, Hohr, (2000). Dynamic Aspects of Fairy Tales: social and enthusiastic skill through fantasies. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, Vol 44, No 1, Department of Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Critique Of The Cabinet Of Dr. Caligari Essay examples -- essays resea

Study Of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari      The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was composed by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, also, coordinated by Robert Weine. It was created in 1919 by Erich Pommer for Decla-Bioscop. 1919 was per year in which the film business was changed into a goliath industry. In spite of the fact that the film was created in 1919, it was not discharged in the United States until 1921. When movie producers were out to demonstrate that film was in fact craftsmanship. In the year 1921 525 movies were discharged out of those 525, 50 despite everything exist today, one of those 50 is The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. At the time of its discharge in America, thrillers were practically inconceivable in light of the fact that filmakers felt that the topic was bland or even terrible, not to notice di...

Harry Potter

Harry Potter Harry Potter And the Philosopher's Stone (Short outline) Harry had lived with his uncle Vernon and his auntie Petunia since he was a child and they generally disclosed to him that his folks were slaughtered in a fender bender. He didn't have an entirely agreeable life since he needed to rest in an organizer under the flight of stairs and wasn't very much treated either. Dudley, his ruined cousin, hit him at whatever point he needed to and the Dudleys couldn't have cared less about him by any means. Harry had an odd scar on his brow looking like a lightning and he never knew were it came from.One morning in July Harry got a letter and before he could peruse it his uncle removed it. The following morning an entire bundle of letters showed up and his uncle took them. For the following seven days an expanding surge of letters were sent to Harry and the family even needed to pack their things and go out traveling to escape from the letters.The Weasley family as appeared in Harry Potter an d th...

Custom Term Paper

Custom Term PaperDid you know that you can use a to-do list to make custom term paper? You will want to know the reason for this so that you are sure you can create a topic that is ideal for your students.Custom term paper allows you to write about anything that you want to and use the proper terms to talk about it. When you have a classroom that consists of many students you will need to have a good method of teaching. This can be easy if you use a type of term paper that is customized to your needs. You can use the term paper to ensure that your students are getting a good amount of studying done and learning the information they need for the tests or assignments they need to take.When you are customizing your term paper to fit your class, you will want to use the proper words and terms that are common in that subject area. A great example is if you are teaching Spanish then the words and phrases would change depending on what subject you are talking about. Students will need to le arn the proper terms that they should use with a program that uses English as its base language.The Internet has many resources that will give you all of the information you need. One of the best resources you can use to customize your term paper is by using one of the many templates that are available. Templates are written programs that help you write a term paper in a specific way. The templates are good because they will make it easy for you to learn how to format your term paper without having to worry about making mistakes.You may not realize it but you can actually make your term paper just the way you want it to be. Once you know how to custom make your term paper, you will find that you can edit your term paper and make it the way you want it to be. You will want to ensure that you know all of the terms that are used when writing the term paper so that you are able to write about topics and examples that relate to the lessons that your students are learning in your class.Cu stomizing your term paper can be helpful to your students. When you know how to format your term paper then you will be able to get the most out of it for the next test or assignment that they need to take. By being able to get the most out of the assignment, you will be able to give your students the information they need to help them when it comes to the exams or assignments they need to complete. You will want to use these tips to help you create a custom term paper for your class.Customizing your term paper will allow you to write about topics that you want to and give your students what they need to learn. Students have a lot of different subjects to learn and this can be a challenge for teachers. By giving students an idea of what to expect and how to do it in your class you will be able to move on to creating a project, tutorial or even just a small study guide.Custom term paper can be useful for many students because it is much easier to use than a traditional term paper. St udents will find it easier to understand the concepts because they are not stuck trying to figure out the terminology. By teaching students the proper terminology they will be able to learn about the things they need to know in order to pass their classes.

Admissions Straight Talk Interview with Daniel Macklin

document.createElement('audio'); https://media.blubrry.com/admissions_straight_talk/p/www.accepted.com/IV_with_Dan_Macklin.mp3Podcast: Play in new window | Download | EmbedSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | Android | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | TuneIn | SpotifyFor this week’s episode of Accepted Admissions Straight Talk, we interviewed Daniel Macklin, Co-Founder VP of Business Development at SoFi. Check out the full recording to hear our fascinating conversation about alumni funded student loans. 00:47:00 Introducing Daniel, Co-founder and VP of Business Development at SoFi. 02:25:00 SoFis background. How did Daniel come to co-found Sofi? 05:02:00 SoFis plans for future expansion beyond the 78 currently eligible schools including Stanford, Harvard, MIT, NYU, and UC Berkeley. 06:07:00 More than just financial loans!   Find out about the wonderful networking opportunities available to you through SoFis alumni community. 11:15:00 Find out how SoFi works together with universities financial aid offices. 13:58:00 Do you qualify? 15:25:00 Daniels financial advice for current students and applicants: Do your research and dont take the first loan that is put into your hands! 18:02:00 Insights into Daniels experience as a Stanford Sloan Fellow. 20:31:00 – Learn more about SoFi. Subscribe to Admissions Straight Talk in iTunes so you don’t miss any segments! Stay in the admissions know. (And while you’re there, feel free to leave us a review.) *Theme music is courtesy of podcastthemes.com. Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best

Illegal Immigration, the Drain on the U.S. Economy

Illegal Immigration, the Drain on the U.S. Economy Peter Fern COM/150 02-12-2012 Shelli Meade Illegal Immigration, the Drain on the U.S. Economy The amount of money that comes out of your pocket for schooling, incarceration, jobs lost, and maintaining the medical system in the United States because of illegal immigrants may be more than people know. During the past few decades, the influx of illegal immigrants has risen dramatically. Illegal immigrants put a huge strain on our school systems, commit a disproportionate amount of crimes in this country and have taken many jobs that American citizens unemployed could do. The economic drain on the school systems is growing rapidly.†¦show more content†¦It is stated by many politicians that the illegals only take the jobs that American citizens do not want. With the guest worker program and the use of H-1B visas, businesses use these workers at a significant lower rate of pay than they would have to pay a citizen. The number of H-1B visas issued in 1992 was estimated at less than 100,000. By 2002 the number climbed to over 1 million (Wagner, 2007). This abuse of the working visa is absolutely legal by any company looking for workers that are not citizens. The big business corporations are not looking to change this law as they would be out of pocket a great deal more money in wages. Every single person in the United States will be touched by the effects of illegals in this country at some point in their life. It may come in the form of a grocery bill, auto insurance, property taxes, driver’s license fees, hospital rates or many other areas. In the area of healthcare, the influx of illegals has proven to put a huge burden in all areas of the system. In California over the last decade many hospitals and emergency rooms have closed due to the illegals being treated there and not being able to pay the bills from the hospital. Right now, California out of the 50 states is last in the number of emergency rooms per million people (Jones, 2012, #6.). The insurance premiums for citizens keep increasing because when the illegalâ₠¬â„¢s go to an emergency roomShow MoreRelatedImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Impact of Illegal Immigration on the United States1523 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration is one of the hot topics in today’s society: legal and illegal. According to, Philip E. Wolgin, in his article, â€Å"Immigration Polling Roundup: Americans of All Political Stripes Want Congress to Pass Immigration Reform†, there are 11.7 million unauthorized immigrants living in America today. From 1990 – 2007, immigration increased from 3.5 million to 12.2 million. Since 2007, immigra tion has decreased and fluctuated from 12.2 million illegal immigrants to 11.7 million illegal immigrantsRead MoreImmigration Is A Fundamental Transformation Of The American Economy1296 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican is built on immigration. Immigration has occurred throughout American History. Hundreds year ago the same dream of freedom and opportunity inspired people to cross the ocean to America today. Immigration brings the talents, youth and global connections, and immigration has a fundamental transformation of the American economy (A New Chapter). Immigration gives the United States an economic edge in the world economy (Daniel). Immigrants work in all types of occupations. They are teachers,Read MoreShould Usa Have A More Relaxed Or Stringent Immigration Policy? Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesShould USA have a more relaxed or stringent immigration policy? Introduction. Should the United States of America have a more relaxed or stringent immigration policy? A phenomenal number of immigrants come to the USA every year. They come here for different purposes and from different places. Some immigrants are refugees who have fled war torn countries like Syria, Jordan, from the African nations etc. Most come in search of better opportunities for their children because of the freedom, protectionRead MoreThe Effect of Illegal Immigration on the US Economy Essay895 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people who have overstayed the time granted on their US, visa or those who have broken the federal law by crossing the border illegally. Matt O’Brien stated in his article â€Å"The government thinks that 10.8 million illegal immigrants lived in the country in January 2009, down from a peak of nearly 12 million in 2007.†(Para, 2) While some argue that illegal immigrants burden the United S tates of America and its economy, others believeRead MoreIn Search of a Dream Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesin the United States, some of which are really committed to this country, but many workers aren’t given the chance to show their loyalty to the country. Getting into the U.S. brings many new challenges to the immigrants, language being one of the most important and basic ones since most of the immigrants who come to the U.S. illegally couldn’t afford a good education, thus they never learned English. With this same issue, immigrants face challenges getting into jobs besides they have a very basicRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is â€Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe official definition of illegal is â€Å"contrary to or forbidden by law†. The definition of an Immigrant is â€Å"an individual who comes to live permanently in a foreign country†. Therefore Illegal Immigrants are foreigners who enter another coun try, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possibleRead MoreThe End Of President Obama s Final Term1517 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as immigration apply to all of us. Immigration seems to be a sensitive topic to discuss as there are 42.2 million immigrants residing in the United States and that number sees to be growing. There are those who oppose immigration and wish to send them all back to their place of origin because they â€Å"Drain the Economy† or â€Å"Steal all the Jobs† but the truth of the matter is, Hispanics are not the only immigrants, there are Asian, European and African immigrants that all come to the U.S to liveRead MoreEssay on The Role of Immigration on Legal and Illegal Immigrants948 Words   |  4 Pages The social issue that will be covered in this paper is the role immigration plays in daily life for both legal and illegal immigrants. This issue has seen a more prominent place as of late due to many events thought to have been caused by the allowing of members from disagreeing societies into America. The sociology of immigration involves the sociological analysis of immigration, especially with regard to race and ethnicity, social structure, and political policy, significant concepts includeRead More Illegal Immigration Growing on the U.S. Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Immigration Growing on the U.S. In â€Å"Illegal Immigrants Do Not Harm America’s Economy,† Brian Grow and his colleagues, reporters for Business Week, argue that rather than damaging it, illegal immigrants actually help the economy by paying taxes and advancing general economic growth. The writers are responding to claims that illegal immigrants receive unwarranted negative attention for supposed drains on public services. They also address the fact that, despite possible legal ramifications

The Value Of Life Score 6 - 881 Words

The Value of Life: Score 6 The value of life. What is it exactly? There isn’t an actual true definition in regards to the value of life because there are many different perspectives within this world, each one viewed as correct to the individual. According to the Human Life Calculator, our value is based on the amount of money we will make in our lives and nothing more. It depends on the money we make, how many children we have, and how much we spend on ourselves each month. Some people find it fair to actually compare the value of life to the dollar amount they are worth. They might even look into it so much that people choose their partner according to their monetary values and not the emotional attachment. Therefore the majority are†¦show more content†¦Lance Armstrong has a difference in regards to his views on the value of life. He looks at life in a positive perspective due to his hardships rather than how he valued it before. Unlike many people, he was given a second chance to live. As a result he values everything he has the chance to experience because he never knows when it will be his time of death. He was fortunate the first time but no one can be assured if he will be the next time, if there is a next ti me. Through a difficult ordeal he learned not to take life for granted but to take advantage of it as though it were his last. Not everyone is as lucky as Lance Armstrong. He now realizes how valuable his life and everyone in it is but that s because he was given a second chance. There are so many people out there who wish they would have realized how valuable everything was before it was too late. We may not realize it until it happens but when we or a loved one passes or goes through an illness it truly impacts how we value life. It makes us face the reality that not everyday is guaranteed and people will not stay with us forever no matter how much we wish they would. In today’s society, we should value life not by how much money we have or how much we are worth but by how much we enjoy life and everyone in it. It shouldn t take the death of a loved one for us to realize everyday is valuable. We shouldShow MoreRelatedStatistical Differences in Anxiety Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of life, and there is a great deal of information involved. It is imperative for an individual to understand and accurately interpret the statistical data they are viewing. This paper will discuss interpretation of various statistical terms. It will also discuss and address possible issues of a selected peer-reviewed article. The Mean score Among the top five academic anxieties (Test Anxiety ~ Math Anxiety), on the average (mean) of Score, Math Anxiety had the lowest Mean score (Funk,Read MoreUsing Fuzzy Decision Tree And Data Mining1390 Words   |  6 Pagesstage A database is set up giving the fuzzy score on a scale of 1-10, to each attribute. Key performance indicators are indentified based on cost evaluation factors, technical analytic factors and environmental factors and are stored in the database. Cost evaluation factors Scores given out of 10 Technical factors Scores given out of 10 Financial factors- Scores given out of 10 Fuzzification All successfulRead MoreHow to run1277 Words   |  6 PagesSTATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW Mean (X) is a measure of central tendency and is the sum of the raw scores divided by the number of scores being summed. Standard deviation (SD) is calculated to measure dispersion or the spread of scores from the mean (Burns Grove, 2007). The larger the value of the standard deviation for study variables, the greater the dispersion or variability of the scores for the variable in a distribution. (See Exercise 16 for a detailed discussion of mean and standardRead MoreSelf Ananlysis Test1230 Words   |  5 Pagesam I ? 7 11 8 10 10 INTP 105 (A-) 28 -5 Attach Value Filled Questionnaire 34 55 -3 B. Values and Attitude Insights 1. What do I value? 2. How involved am I in my job? 3. How satisfied am I with my job? 4. What are my attitudes towards workplace diversity? C. Motivation Insights 1. What motivates me? Growth needs Relatedness needs Existence needs 2. What are my dominant needs? Achievement Affiliation Autonomy Power 3. What rewards do I value most? 4. What is my view of the nature of peopleRead MoreDoes Marital Status Contributes More Happiness?1655 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction With the improvement of living standards, happiness research is increasingly becoming a focus in today s world. Research has been published on the effect of marriage on life satisfaction. Kelly Musick and Larry Bumpass (2012) suggest that marriage is not always the most important determinant of life satisfaction. Married couples have better health than cohabiters; nevertheless, cohabiters have more happiness and self-esteem than married people. Researchers also state that marriageRead MoreAssignment 3 - Coursera1660 Words   |  7 PagesFeedback — Assignment 3Help You submitted this Assignment on  Mon 11 Nov 2013 6:59 AM PST. You got a score of  100.00  out of  100.00. Top of Form Please read all questions and instructions carefully. Note that you only need to enter answers in terms of numbers and without any symbols (including $, %, commas, etc.). Enter all dollars without decimals and all interest rates in percentage with up to two decimals. Read the syllabus for examples.The points for each question are listed in parentheses at theRead MoreEmotion Related Cultural Value With Regulation Strategies Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmanaging emotions, but how these types of regulation strategies differ among individuals, and how cultural values can be related to the preference of use of different strategies? 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When it comes to the global economy, every country has its own definition of what being successful really means and the leadership that leads to success is defined differently as well. The way in which a leader needs

Identification And Description Of Authentication...

GAI is a financial institute located in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It is specialized in financial management, loan application approval, wholesale loan processing, and investment of money for their customers. The GAI employs over 1,600 employees and has been growing consistently for nearly six years because, its management strategy has been built on scaling operational performance through automation and technological innovation. However, the GIA has experienced several cyber-attacks from outsiders over the past a few years ago. This attack has conducted the loss of its confidentiality, integrity, and availability for several days, the loss of its reputations, and mostly the loss of its customer data confidentiality. To secure the GAI’s network system, a lot of issues have to be addressed. This paper will cover the identification and description of authentication technology and network security issues, list all access points, it will design a secure authentication t echnology and network security, list all known vulnerabilities, address concern over the mobile security and design a secure mobile computing, identify wireless vulnerabilities and recommend what safeguards, and finally, design a cloud computing environment for GAI. Because GAI is a financial institution, to secure its facility, a top secret clearance have to be required for everyone who enter its network or facility. GAI’s Computer Security manager (CSM) have for duties to monitor all activity withinShow MoreRelatedIpv6 And The Current Version Of Internet Protocol1229 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Description 4 Abstract With the rapidly approaching global shortage of IPv4 addresses, the current version of Internet Protocol is slowly getting into its limitation of address space and its insufficient security features. IPv6 is the next generation of IP addressing. Used on the internet and on many LANs and WANs that is designed to meet the shortage of IPv4. When IPv4 (a 32-bit system) can have approximately 4 billion totalRead MoreHow Technology Has Brought Internet1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of technology has brought Internet to become the mass communication media between people or companies. Through Internet, people can communicate with other people in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack isRead MoreInternal Network Security1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of technology has brought Internet to become the mass communication media between people or companies. Through Internet, people can communicate with other people in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack isRead MoreInternal Network Security1463 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of technology has brought Internet to become the mass communication media between people or companies. Through Internet, people can communicate with other people in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack isRead MoreDesign Proposal Summary956 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to WAN Technologies Professor: Cook Date: Design Proposal Summary The network team is proposing that access control lists (ACLs) be installed on routers at the Cleveland office. Security policies and procedures have also been considered in order to handle and maintain the ACLs. Access controls are a sequence of instructions that a router will refer to before either allowing a packet into or out of an interface. This is done by making sure that there are security features in placeRead MoreLiterature Review On Security Of Internet Of Things1519 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review on security of Internet of Things Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune, India Abstract The concept of the internet of things is that every physical of object in the real world has a virtual component on the internet that can produce and consume services .Such super connected objects would be of great convivences but they would require novel approaches to ensure security and ethical uses. While internet of things is more thanRead MoreDocument Appropriate User Administration ( Topaz )992 Words   |  4 Pagesauthorize access to the Topaz Network as well as to authenticate user rights to Topaz and client’s network systems and environment. Topaz protects confidential and other sensitive information from theft, unauthorized use, damage or destruction by limiting access to authorized personnel. Accessing protected information is logged and reviewed by managers and supervisors as needed. User ID and password combinations are required to authenticate users into the Topaz network. Authorization to accessRead MoreDesign And Implementation Of A Defense Security Perimeter System1441 Words   |  6 PagesDesign and Implementation of a Defense Security Perimeter System Network security is becoming an increasingly important concern for small and midsize companies. A breach in internal or external security can severely damage a company’s most important operations, hampering productivity, compromising data integrity, reducing customer confidence, disrupting revenue flow, and bringing communications to a halt. 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Biometrics technology allows determination and verification of ones identity through physical characteristics. To put it simply, it turns your body in to your password. We discussed various biometric techniques like finger scan, retina scan, facial scan, hand scan etc. Two algorithms have been proposed by taking

Mission Statement for My Life free essay sample

It’s not exactly a new question. To me, and I’m sure to many others as well, just getting away from it would be enough of a challenge. â€Å"Who do you want to be when you grow up?† teachers surveyed on every first day of school I can remember. â€Å"Who do you want to be when you grow up?† my mom’s friends casually ask whenever the dinner conversation turns towards future plans and goals. Up until a couple years ago, I never really gave my response much thought—whatever answer I gave couldn’t be tested until I actually graduated school. When you’re a little kid, no one expects your answer to be realistic. â€Å"I want to be a princess† I said in kindergarten based off how happy the Disney ones always seemed. Upon realizing that America is a Democracy, in fourth grade my response was â€Å"I want to be the first female president† thinking that that would be the next best thing. I didn’t want to be too unrealistic. Of course, I soon learned that being president isn’t at all like being a princess; in fact, its responsibilities sounded a lot more stressful than happy. Not being happy is the last thing anyone could want. Now at the ripe old age of fourteen, people expected serious answers. I could tell by the fact that even my friends, who’d known me for years, started asking. Now if you asked me, you’d most likely to hear me say â€Å"veterinarian† or â€Å"author† based off my passion for animals and writing. The more I think about it, the more I wonder how much more realistic my resolution has really become. What makes a goal so rational? What determines who I’ll become? When you’re in kindergarten the world seems like the simplest place in the world. You have almost no responsibilities. Your mom wakes you up to go to â€Å"school†, which is pretty much synonymous for something to do while your parents are at work. I never found myself freaking out because we had ten math questions and two essays due the next day for homework, and I’d put it off until the last minute. The hardest things thing they made us do were things like reading two pages of a book called â€Å"animals.† It amazed me how someone could seem so impressed with a person simply for being able to read the single word â€Å"zebra† on a page dominated by a photo of the exact same creature. In kindergarten, relationships were easy. At recess everyone just played tag games with each other; or all the girls in the class would imagine we were fairies with different superpowers that went on adventures together. The worst thing I can remember happening is a boy in my class trying to impress me by having his GoGurt explode in my face. Good and bad could be easily defined. The bad people were those who did obviously criminal actionssuch as Jafar trying to keep Aladdin from marrying Jasmine when they obviously liked each other a lot. The evil always got punished for their deeds—being cast away in a lantern for who knows how many years, while Jasmine and Aladdin live happily ever after; or having to clean blue goo off the wall while everyone else gave me pieces of their lunches as mine had been covered in yogurt. The decision to want to be like princess Jasmine wasn’t a difficult one. Once fourth grade came around, it took longer to come up with my resolution. School became more challenging. I could now count on at least half an hour of homework a week as well as tests that needed to be studied for. Breaks, though still laden with imaginative games of adventure, could also be wrought with tension. Good and bad, I began to learn, wasn’t always so black and white. Everyone didn’t always get punished if they did something wrong. Whether people’s actions were really unlawful wasn’t all that mattered. There were gray areas. For all I knew, Aladdin didn’t really have Jasmine’s best interests at heart and Jafar had simply been trying to protect her. From this perspective, his imprisonment could have easily been unjust. As president, I wanted to make sure the country ran as fairly as I originally thought Aladdin had been to its characters. Now if I were to tell you the world is simple, it’d be an outright lie. Not only is keeping up with my schoolwork a lot harder, but deciding how to do it. My English teacher is always encouraging me to read my work to the class—so it’s guaranteed that that my peers will judge it. If I tell her I don’t want to share, on several occasions my classmates have pressured me to read my work anyway saying I’m the â€Å"best writer in the class.† You’d think that’s a good thing—except I’m pretty sure two girls hate me because they wanted to be the â€Å"best writer.† It’s not like I told the other kids in the class to say I’m good at writing. There is no separation between what is good and bad. If there were, I’d know what to do in order for people not to be mad at me. I still have a lot to learn. My best bet is to just do what I enjoy. There are bound to be people who disagree with me no matter what I do. If I became president, the stress of trying to keep everyone happy would keep me from enjoying life. Nothing is ever going to be completely fair, because bad and good are not black and white. Life and experience have taught me that. If I were to make a mission statement for my life, I’d say that I want to aim to do my best to learn as much as I can, and in the meantime, just do what feels right. I’ll always have a lot more to learn. If I spend my life trying to please everyone, it won’t have been happy. The question of who you want to be in life might not be a new one, but I don’t think I, or anyone for that matter, should try to stop answering it.

Tourism Management free essay sample

Sports tourism can be defined as travels away from one’s primary residence to participate in sports activity for recreation or competition, travel to observe sport and grassroots or elite level. And travel to visit a sport attraction such as sports hall of fame or Water Park†. Gibson, Attle, Yiannakis, 1997) On the other hand adventure tourism can be simply defined as Recreational travel including variety of rugged activities for adventure. Adventures and sports tourism can benefit economies by providing a fast source of income for local government and community, supporting the sustaining improvement and protection for environment and encouraging culture exchange between the developed countries and the developing world. If the undeveloped tourism destination do not focus on their tourism, it will be really hard for them to improve their poor situation of economic, environment and culture. Adventure and sports tourists can be attract for a certain destination by looking at the facilities and environment of that place such as; hotels services, price of goods in the area, transport services, travel agencies, guides, airlines, social and cultural aspects of life and most important sustainable natural resources. Ralf Buckley, 2006) A tourism sports destination can be attractive for many reasons; different types sports activities in big city or some time big sports events in small cities, beautiful islands or beach, recreation activities, sports activities for family fun etc. most of all a unique atmosphere of sport and adventure. Destination In perspective of West Cambria sports and adventures tourism it provides to tourists; Attractions which related to sports such as sports theme park, hiking, bungee jumping etc. West Cambria tourism site has highest mountain such as scafell, including stunning coastline and wastwater, also resorts can be include with sports tourism activities. According to Cumbria tourism statistics, each year 35 million day trippers and 5 million overnight visitors spend their night; Cumbria is a place where tourists get a chance to attend all the sports events. As a developed and well established destination; the Ecological environment of sports and adventures tourism is not only about green tourism but also deeply related with socio culture with Cambria tourism. Naturally sustainable environment of sports and adventures tourism in west Cambria also socio-culturally respectful and have a huge effect on both the natural environment and the human population including man made tourism destination. Sustainable environment of west Cambria tourism often involves locals of remote areas experience and interacting with foreigners. Multi-Sport Activities: it is physical outdoor activities. Rafting, mountain biking, climbing, surfing, diving, etc. all offered in the same package. West Cambria tourism provides these sports facilities. Sports included in west Cambria: Angling, Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Baseball amp; Softball, Basketball, Boccia, Bowls, Canoeing, Cricket, Cycling, Dance, Disability Sports, Fencing, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Hockey, Judo, Netball, Orienteering, Outdoor Activities, rounder, Rowing, Rugby, Running, Sailing amp; Windsurfing, Scuba amp; Snorkelling, Snow sports, Squash amp; Racket ball, Swimming, Table Tennis, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, Walking Water, Polo, Weight Lifting and Wheelchair Basketball. The relationship between sustainable tourism and others As a sports destination Sports destination West Cumbria tourism has all the potentiality to be sustainable. According to West Cumbria adventure and sports tourism, relationship between ecological and socio cultural can be compare through their essential facts for each other; Ecological factors relate to socio cultural environment 1. Air quality of the area, 2. Transportation, Parking facilities 3. Pollution discharge process, 4. Water quality for sports activities, 5. Waste management facilities; 6. Land and Coastal resources etc. Socio-cultural fact relates to Ecological environment . Balanced population of the area, 2. Health care facilities for local and tourists. 3. Population employment patterns, job market freedom and locals attitudes to work, 4. Social attitudes and Lifestyle and cross cultural understanding. 5. Roman Heritage 6. Locals cultural activities amp; interests on tourism 7. Financial services, investment 8. Resorts, hotel and camping services 9. Entertainment facili ty and tourist Information service provider. Adventure and sports tourism has brought people into contact with each other in west Cambria. As ecological tourism has an educational element it can foster understanding between people and cultures and provide socio-cultural exchange between hosts and tourists. This increases the chances for people to develop mutual sympathy and understanding and to reduce prejudices. A Socio cultural and ecological relationship has added more vitality of west Cambria communities in many ways. Such as; sports events and adventures activities of the local residents where they have been the primary participants and spectators. Often these are refreshed and developed in response to tourist interests. Implemented Strategies The West Cambria tourism is an award winning destination for tourism in 2011; it is also one of the most spectacular beaches in UK and an area that has been popular for many years. To develop Adventure and sports tourism Allerdale Borough Council and Carlisle Leisure limited on 1 April 2004 developed a sustainable tourism strategy. The aim was to balance the need to manage and stimulate sports tourism to the area with the need to avoid damaging the very natural assets on which the tourism industry depended. Interest in the idea of sustainable tourism is greatest in those countries where there is a high level of interest in sustainable development in general. † (John Swarbrooke, 1999) To ensure the strategy was tailored to the needs of the area, authorities engaged in a considerable amount of consultation prior to writing the document. This involved meetings with key stakeholders, National benchmarking survey of tourism authority; the result of this consul tation was that many valuable ideas generated via the process made it into the strategy and action plan. Following the secondary method of research; the implemented strategic objectives can be pointed out 1. More visitors from outside the region 2. More overnight visitors 3. More business and high-value leisure visitors 4. More private sector tourism investment. Enhancing the West Cumbria tourism for residents and visitors to create: 1. World-class cultural/sport/leisure facilities 2. High standards of quality 3. Avenues for learning, business support and careers 4. Jobs and economic benefit through sports and adventure tourism 5. Sustainable development (environmentally, socially, economically) 6. Local and regional pride. Some of the tourism vision can be explained as follows; Performance of tourism businesses 1. To encourage businesses to invest in the range and quality of their facilities where required 2. To encourage the entire sector to value customer service and to invest in staff skills. Marketing promotions/Events and festivals The strategy focuses on sports events and festivals, in particular those that have the potential to attract new visitors to the region, generate short breaks and which also positively add to the image and profile of the West Cumbria region. Where possible these major events and festivals should reinforce other market growth opportunities. The strategy also recognises that locally distinct events can enhance sense of place, sense of community and add value to the visitor experience. They create new opportunities for visitor spends particularly for shopping and for eating and drinking. Collectively they can strengthen the regional events and festivals profile. Hospitality Services The restaurant, hotels, bar etc. rowth opportunity as being about the quality of the eating experience; the presentation of the food, the ambience of the eating out experience including genuine customer service. It may also be about local produce and the provenance of food. Destination management Implemented strategy can be explained as; 1. Working with local businesses to drive up quality, encourage use of local produce and enhance the customer service 2. To invest in the presentation and marketing of farmers markets and food and drink events 3. To use food and drink as one ocus for destination marketing where it presents a strong and quality experience 4. To encourage all aspects of the food and drink sector that deal with consumers to value customer service and the skills of their staff and invest in them. West Cambria tourism implemented strategy can be summarised as; 1. provide all sports and adventures visitors a high quality, enjoyable and fulfilling experience 2. To ensure that tourism meets its potential as a driver of the local economy, bringing prosperity and jobs throughout the area 3. To ensure local communities are not adversely affected by tourism 4. To develop the appreciation of west Cambria distinctiveness as somewhere to live, work and visit 5. To encourage tourism enterprises, their suppliers and customers to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment. Implemented strategy can be summarised as; The objective is to retain the economic and social advantages of tourism development while reducing or mitigating any undesirable impacts on the natural, historic, cultural or social environment. Allerdale tourism council play an important role in ensuring the continued appeal of tourism in the tourist area. Effectiveness of Implemented Strategy Bruce J. Dierenfield (2003:p,212) Found that although there are numerous negative influence of hosting sport tourism because of the expected benefit for the community and local business often cause potential host community to ignore any negative impact that may occur. These include: putting the country in global world, showing the destination, promoting political system, creating new business, attracting investment, creating job and urban renewal including housing, and infrastructure will contribute to the development of the country, and benefit citizens over a long period of time. Positive sides: sports adventure tourism development plan for west Cambria, mainly focused local benefits; Current strategy can helps raise funds for environmental protection, research and education through a variety of mechanisms, sports events entrance fees, hotel, airline and airport taxes and voluntary contributions. The local community also can be benefited. The jobs created by tourism can act as a very important motivation to reduce emigration. Local people can also increase their influence on tourism development, as well as improve their job, earnings prospects, through tourism-related professional training, development of business and organisational skills. Sports tourism can bring people into contact with each other and, as tourism has an educational element, it can foster understanding between peoples and cultures and provide cultural exchange between hosts and guests. Because of this, the chances increase for people to develop mutual sympathy and understanding and to reduce their prejudices. Negative Sides: Sports tourism development can creates additional demand for land and competition from the growing potential buyers. The demand for more hotels and tourist facilities brings sources of income to builders, real estate agent and landowners but the local residents are forced to pay more for their homes and larger tax duties increase in land values. In addition, increasing demands for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. On the other hand, the development of tourism may cause inflation in prices of goods. The issue with seasonal workers is another negative aspect. They face job insecurity, due to the completion of projects. Thus, there will be lack of guarantee of employment from one season to another. Recommendations Developed transportation: Sport-tourism is a powerful force for development that encourage investment in infrastructure projects such as airport , roads that can be enjoyed by local people as well as tourist who came to use them. Joy Standeven, Paul de Knop, 1999, p 66) Travel service providers in the tourist destination area, such as airlines, railways, and bus service need to be sufficient and well developed to avoid all sort of hassle might impact for tourist or destination. To achieve greater competitive advantage; transport companies should have a sophisticated planning; the transportation sector is always a large and growing market in UK tourism. Security and personal safety: Secu rity is a major issue for any tourism destination, for a large destination security sometime maybe it’s not enough to only depending on local police or community service. Private security services can be included, with modern camera technology, professionals to maintain successful tourism destination. The best course of action is to blend human security with technology. Managing adventure and sports safety remains an important topic to tourism industry. Perceived or real threats to sports person safety have immediate impacts on a destinations reputation and can dramatically affect visitation. If visitor health and safety is not well managed, adverse incidents can significantly impact on the profitability and sustainability of an individual business, community or destination. So it’s should be a compulsory objective for tourism organiser to have sufficient safety services. Developed infrastructure: Tourist development indicates that infrastructure accordingly developed. The provision of infrastructure- the construction of roads, and the system of electricity supply, water supply and sewages disposal, hospital, churches, schools and shop become necessary when an area is developed for the tourism. Indeed, in regions away from the main cities, a kind of micro-urbanization has to take place to attract tourists who assemble in such places to escape environmental monotony of their workday in cities. The tourists are prepared to live in the clusters of cottages but at the same time they demand most of the modern comforts to which they are accustomed with the possibility of a shopping centre, amusements and services to be made available at hand. Capacity of accommodating sports tourists: Carrying capacity for tourism is similar in some ways to ecological carrying capacity and different in others. Ultimately, physical resources limit both population and tourist levels. A dearth of land, shortage of food, or decline in water quality and availability will quickly put the brakes on both types of growth. But for tourism, cultural resources are also a concern. A well-developed tourism destination should provide an efficient accommodated service for their tourists. Technology applied to the provision of sports and adventure activities: The technological environment plays a huge role and influence on the Sport-tourism through globalization due to the innovation of technological thought. For example the implication of restaurants and hotels has been joined by the technological strategy which connects the world through electronic business to exchange goods and services. Furthermore the internet has revolutionised the way executive and business partners operate and cash rings are replaced by credit and debit card payment system. This technological change will allow the use of electronic transfer fund to be more accurate on the information exchange and the target market (Weed et al, 2004: p, 33) Sport tourism may benefit from technological innovation such as currency exchange rate, details about accommodation, climate, culture, language, entertainment places, and requirement entry for visa. The technology infrastructure has opened a new way for Sport tourism to reach the outside world and enter to the competitive edge in the market share. (Devine et al, 2009: p, 17). As the technology evolves and develops within the Sport tourism, stakeholders will find themselves with clear opportunities and one challenge emerging from this will be to streamline and simplify the transaction and consumption of products. This will require looking at global shift in consumer attitudes, tracking new motivations or opportunity in order to communicate and convince consumers (Knowles et al, 2004: p, 32). Technological developments are increasing rapidly. New recreation products, such as all-terrain vehicles and wind surfers, provide new ways for people to satisfy their recreational preferences. New production Technologies and materials offer recreation and tourism businesses ways to reduce costs and improve the quality of their products/services. Advances in telecommunications have and will continue to create new promotional opportunities. Technological innovations, in relation to jobs and the home, have resulted in increased leisure time for many people. Nowadays sports have become a part of our life. Sports have become one of the best interests of the people. Indoor sports activities for tourism is very popular fast growing. Sports are mainly related with the physical element of the body such like running, throwing, jumping, sliding, hitting, shooting, catching etc. , and at present time all those sports are depending on technological supports, as technology helps to give a fair result in any sports competition as well as sports person safety. Technology applied in modern gym helps to improve physical stamina through different level of exercise. For example, Technology applied Sport tourism includes rafting, Para gliding, bungee jump with crane, sky diving, and many more. Provision of diversified activities Diversified activities for tourism destination can create opportunity for more profits in local business. A tourism destination diversification can be point out as; Tourist Accommodation: Bed and breakfast hotel, resorts, camping facilities or caravan sites. Tourist recreation: Trekking holidays, heritage attractions, sports events and festivals, mountain biking/walking routes, clay pigeon shooting, archery, quad biking . Strategies can be including for Successful development: 1. Seasonal sports tourism offer 2. Marketing on Sports and adventures tourism activities 3. Ensuring each year sports tourism events got different attractions 4. Identifying major activities what can bring more tourists 5. Infrastructure investment targeting diversified activities More activities can be added as west Cambria has a suitable for sports and adventures tourism; 1. Horseback riding 2. Hang gliding, 3. Ballooning, 4. Parachuting Professionalism of service staff The professionalism in sports and adventures tourism is very vital. Becoming sports trainer or guide for tourism activities increased responsibility for the profession; Most of the time a destination future depends on their professional services. Professionalism can create demand for sports tourism, as a well-trained sports guide or trainer does mistake in rare occasion and that attracts sports tourists. Political stability Political stability can create significant impact on any tourism industry; an unstable political condition can spoil major sports events, same time it can ruin the economic development of Destination. A stable optical situation can creates; good economy, jobs, use of resources and growth of development. The government significantly by their activities may seriously influence the economic and non-economic opportunities essential in the creation of the conditions that conduct to the development of a business. Whether the Sport tourism development is encouraged or blocked, depends very much on the government policy and political view. (Tom Hinch, James Higham, 2011 p 206) Economic status of the destination Foreign Exchange Earnings: The spending of traveller brings income to the hosting country and possibly will stimulate a significant investment to finance growth in other economic sectors. An important indicator of sports tourism development is it’s generate foreign exchange earnings The economic impact of tourism is massive. Tourism is generally regarded as labour-intensive. It generates direct full time employment in such formal sectors as hotels, restaurants, transport services, travel agencies, guides and foreign airlines, etc. Costs: In business, cost is usually a monetary valuation of (1) effort, (2) material, (3) resources, (4) time and utilities consumed, (5) risks incurred, and (6) opportunity forgone in production and delivery of a good or service. All expenses are costs, but not all costs (such as those incurred in acquisition of an income-generating asset) are expenses. A large number of deal and money will be costing the host destination of the event and local taxpayers for Sport tourism development. Developers will need the government to improve infrastructure which includes the airport, roads and others which are costly activities for the government. ports and adventures tourism development costs can be divided in two parts, if the negative aspects of costs can be save than there will be benefit, on the other hand positive has always profitable for stake holders.

World War I Essays (1128 words) - French Third Republic,

World War I The name commonly given to the war of 1914-1918, which began in Europe and was fought principally on that continent but eventually involved all the continents of the world. While the wars between Great Britain and France from 1689 to 1815 had been extended to North America, Africa, and Asia, they remained wars between European governments. The term "world war" is properly applied to the conflict of 1914-1918 because the various parts of the British Empire in all continents as well as many countries in Asia and North and South America participated in it. For the first time, all the great powers of the world were engaged: Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia in Europe; Japan in Asia; and the United States in North America. It is estimated that by the end of the war about 93 percent of the population of the world was in greater or less degree involved. The two opposing sides in the war were; The Allies Or Entente Powers Britain, France, Russia (left December 1917), Italy (entered May 1915), Serbia, Belgium, Romania (entered August 1916), USA (entered April 1917) The Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (entered November 1914), Bulgaria (entered 1915) THE ENTERY OF THE USA TO THE WORLD WAR I The United States was never neutral throughout The Great War, despite the President Woodrow Wilson's declaration of neutrality, and a direct declaration of war against the Central Powers was an inescapable occurrence. When war was come into existence in Europe in 1914, it was impossible for the United States, an emerging world power, to avoid conflict despite its efforts to. President Wilson immediately issued a declaration of neutrality because entering into a war would be against the prevalent progressive spirit of the time and America had a tradition of avoiding European conflicts whenever possible. Nevertheless, The United States remained completely neutral from 1914-1917. " Continued interruption of trade and travel on the seas by both the allies and central powers, especially attacks by German submarines, which was the main reason for the United States to enter the war in 1917." Great Britain's powerful navy quickly took control of the Atlantic and set up a blockade, cutting off American trade with Germany. Germany, on the other hand, attacked British supply lines with their new invention, the U-boat. The United States accepted Great Britain's blockade and stopped trade with Germany, although a demand by the United States that free trade allowed surely have been agreed to. On the other hand, instead of accepting Germany's attempt to stop American shipping to the Allies, Wilson demanded that Germany stop all attacks on American ships, but accepted nearly the same thing when perpetrated by the British. The population of America, although against involvement in the war, supported the Allied cause. This was due to both the cultural similarities and roots shared between the United States and Great Britain and the large scale British propaganda campaign in America, in an attempt to get the United States involved in the war. The propaganda along with German practices of sinking ships without giving passengers a chance to escape and attacking the neutral country of Belgium (both of which violated international law) led to an intense Anti-German sentiment throughout the population. America was clearly not a neutral country, but Americans did not wish to become directly involved in the war. German U-boats had taken many American lives with their attacks on merchant ships, including the Lusitania where 128 Americans were killed, which lead to America demanding an end to the U-boat attacks. The Germans responded by temporally ceasing submarine warfare in 1916 under the Sussex Pledge until 1917 when Germany announced the continuation of submarine warfare and ended diplomatic relations with the United States. In an attempt to eliminate the threat of American involvement in Europe, Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmerman of Germany attempted to provoke Mexico into attacking the United States with the promising her Texas, New Mexico and Arizona in return. The British decoded a message containing Zimmerman's intent and sent to the US, further swaying Americans to action. Berlin, January 19, 1917 "On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New

Human Body Project Ideas for Biology and Behavior

Human Body Project Ideas for Biology and Behavior Human body science projects and studies allow us to get a better understanding of the human body. Not only do we gain an improved knowledge of anatomical functions, but we gain a greater understanding of human behavior as well. The following human body project ideas provide suggestions for topics that can be explored through experimentation. Behavioral Project Ideas Does your sense of smell alter your sense of taste?Which sense (taste, smell, touch) is best for identifying foods?Does music affect blood pressure?Does fear affect blood pressure? (Fear Science Project - Sample)How does caffeine affect the body?Does exercise affect memory retention?Does music affect hand-eye coordination?Does the weather affect a persons mood?Does playing video games affect a persons heart rate?Do colors affect a persons mood? (Colors and Mood Project - Sample)Does gender affect reaction time?Is yawning contagious?Does smiling affect a persons mood?Does human behavior change during a full moon?Does room temperature affect concentration?Does sight affect the ability to determine sound direction? Biological Project Ideas Does a persons BMI affect blood pressure?Do all people have the same normal body temperature?Which type of exercises increases muscle growth the most?How do various types of acid (phosphoric acid, citric acid, etc.) affect tooth enamel?Do a persons heart rate and blood pressure vary during the day?Does exercise affect lung capacity?Does blood vessel elasticity affect blood pressure?Is calcium necessary for bone strength?Does light intensity affect peripheral vision?Does eye color affect a persons ability to distinguish colors?Do different stressors ( heat, cold, etc.) affect nerve sensitivity?Do food smells affect saliva production? Human Body Information Need additional information about the human body for your project? These resources will help you get started: The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. Find out what you need to know about organ systems.Have you ever wondered why certain sounds make you cringe? Learn about your five senses and how they work.The brain is a fascinating organ that directs a multitude of functions in the body. Discover how sweets can alter your brain, why swinging makes you fall asleep faster, and how video games affect brain function.Want to learn some interesting facts about the body? Discover 10 Fascinating Facts About Your Heart, 12 Facts About Your Blood, 10 Facts About Cells, and 8 Different Types of Body Cells. More Science Project Ideas For more information and ideas for science projects, see 30 Ideas for Animal Experiments and Projects, 22 Ideas for Science Experiments Using Plants, 8 Types of Biology-Based Science Fair Projects, Scientific Method Steps, and How to Write a Bibliography for a Science Fair Project. Science Models Constructing models is a fun and exciting way to learn about science. Try making a model of the lungs or making a DNA model using candy. It is important to note that just constructing a model is not an experiment. Models should be used to enhance your science project.

John Dillinger - Public Enemy No. 1

John Dillinger - Public Enemy No. 1 During the eleven months spanning from September 1933 through July 1934, John Herbert Dillinger and his gang robbed numerous Midwest banks, killed ten people and wounded at least seven others, and staged three jailbreaks. The Start of the Spree After serving a little more than eight years in prison, Dillinger was paroled on May 10, 1933, for his part in a 1924 robbery of a grocery store. Dillinger came out of prison as a very bitter man who had become a hardened criminal. His bitterness stemmed from the fact that he was given concurrent sentences of 2 to 14 years and 10 to 20 years while the man who committed the robbery with him served only two years. Dillinger immediately returned to a life of crime by robbing a Bluffton, Ohio bank. On September 22, 1933, Dillinger was arrested and jailed in Lima, Ohio as he was awaiting trial on the bank robbery charge. Four days after his arrest, several of Dillinger’s former fellow inmates escaped from prison shooting two guards in the process. On October 12, 1933, three of the escapees along with a fourth man went to the Lima county jail posing as prison agents who were there to pick up Dillinger on a parole violation and return him to prison. This ruse didn’t work, and the escapees ended up shooting the sheriff, who lived at the facility with his wife. They locked the sheriff’s wife and a deputy in a cell to free Dillinger from incarceration.   Dillinger and the four men who had freed him – Russell Clark, Harry Copeland, Charles Makley, and Harry Pierpont immediately went on a spree robbing a number of banks. In addition, they also looted two Indiana police arsenals where they took various firearms, ammunition and some bulletproof vests.   Ã‚   On December 14, 1933, a member of Dillinger’s gang killed a Chicago police detective. On January 15, 1934, Dillinger killed a police officer during a bank robbery in East Chicago, Indiana. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began posting photos of Dillinger and the members of his gang in the hope that the public would recognize them and turn them into local police departments.   The Manhunt Escalates Dillinger and his gang left the Chicago area and went to Florida for a short break before heading to Tucson, Arizona. On January 23, 1934, firemen, who responded to a blaze a Tucson hotel, recognized two hotel guests as being members of Dillinger’s gang from the photos that had been published by the FBI. Dillinger and three of his gang members were arrested, and police confiscated a cache of weapons that included three Thompson submachine guns, as well as five bulletproof vests, and more than $25,000 in cash. Dillinger was transported to the Crown Point, Indiana county jail which local authorities claimed was â€Å"escape proof† a claim which Dillinger proved wrong on March 3, 1934. Dillinger used a wooden gun that he had whittled in his cell and used it force the guards to open his. Then Dillinger locked up the guards and stole the Sheriff’s car, which he drove to and abandoned in Chicago, Illinois. This act allowed the FBI to finally join the Dillinger manhunt since driving a stolen car across state lines constitutes a federal offense. In Chicago, Dillinger picked up his girlfriend, Evelyn Frechette and they then drove to St. Paul, Minnesota where they met up with several of his gang members and Lester Gillis, who was known as â€Å"Baby Face Nelson.†Ã‚   Public Enemy No. 1 On March 30, 1934, the FBI learned that Dillinger may be in the St. Paul area and agents began speaking with managers of rentals and motels in the area and learned that there was a suspicious â€Å"husband and wife†   with the last name of Hellman at the Lincoln Court Apartments. The following day, an FBI agent knocked on the Hellman’s door, and Frechette answered but immediately closed the door. While waiting for reinforcements to arrive a member of Dillinger’s gang, Homer Van Meter, walked towards the apartment and upon being questioned shots were fired, and Van Meter was able to escape. Then Dillinger opened the door and opened fire with a ​machine gun allowing him and Frechette to escape, but Dillinger was injured in the process.​ A wounded Dillinger returned to his father’s home in Mooresville, Indiana with Frechette. Shortly after they arrived, Frechette returned to Chicago where she was promptly arrested by the FBI and was charged with harboring a fugitive. Dillinger would remain in Mooresville until his wound healed.After holding up a Warsaw, Indiana police station where Dillinger and Van Meter stole guns and bulletproof vests, Dillinger and his gang went to a summer resort called the Little Bohemia Lodge in northern Wisconsin. Due to the influx of gangsters, someone at the lodge phoned the FBI, who immediately set out for the lodge. On a cold April night, the agents arrived at the resort with their car lights turned off, but dogs immediately began barking. Machine gunfire broke out from the lodge, and a gun battle ensued.   Once the gunfire stopped, the agents learned that Dillinger and five others had been able to escape once again.    By the summer of 1934, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover  named John Dillinger as America’s very first â€Å"Public Enemy No. 1.†

Business Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Accounting - Essay Example Acer Group generated revenues of $14.74 billion in 2012 (Acer-group, 2012). Its revenues decreased by 9.62% in comparison with the previous year. The gross profit of the company was $1.48 billion and its gross margin equaled 10.04%. Gross margin is a measure of the broad profitability of the company. Despite its solid broad profitability the company incurred in net losses for the year of $99.88 million. Its net losses for 2012 were lower than the 2011 losses of $226.59 million. The net margin of the firm was -0.68%. Net margin measures the absolute profitability of a firm. The return on assets (ROA) of Acer Group was -0.04%. ROA indicates how profitable a firm is in relation to its assets (Investopedia, 2013). The return on assets of Acer Group was bad for two reasons. First the metric result was negative. A negative ROA is an undesirable outcome. The second reason is that it was below the computer industry average ROA of 4.4% (Dun & Bradstreet, 2013). The return on equity (ROE) of t he firm was -0.13%. Acer Group’s return on equity is much lower than the industry average of 9.7%. The current ratio measures the ability of a company to pay off its short term debt (Accountingexplained, 2013). This ratio is calculated dividing current assets by current liabilities. Acer Group had a current ratio of 1.19. Its current ratio is acceptable because is above the 1.0 threshold, but it is 1.01 below the industry average current ratio of 2.20. The quick ratio is another liquidity metric. It is calculated similarly than the current ratio with the exception that inventory is subtracted from current assets in the numerator of the formula. The quick ratio of Acer Group was 0.89 which is lower than the industry average of 1.50. The working capital of a business is calculated subtracting current liabilities from current assets. Acer Group had a working capital in 2012 of $954,888,000. This metric measures the ability of the company to pay off its short term debt using sole ly its current assets. The debt ratio measures how much a company relies on debt to finance its assets (Investorwords, 2013). It is calculated dividing total debt by total assets. Acer Group had a debt ratio in 2012 of 0.67. Considering its size the company is not too leveraged which allows the option of using additional debt in the future to expand. The debt to equity ratio of the organization was 0.49. This ratio measures the amount of assets being provided by creditors for each dollar of assets being provided by stockholders (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). The debt to equity ratio of Acer Group is lower than the industry average of 0.82. Acer Group has depended less on debt than its competition. The inventory turnover of the company was 8.91. This implies that the company sold its inventory nearly nine times during the year. The average sale period of the firm was 40.95 days, thus it took the company less than 41 days to sell its entire inventory. The asset to sales ratio of the busin ess was 52.77% which is slightly below the industry standard of 53.40%. The sale to working capital ratio of the firm was 15.43. This ratio is good considering the fact that the industry standard is only 3.50. The times interest earned ratio measures the company’s ability to make interest payments. Acer Group had a times interest earned ratio of 1.25. Task 2 The common stocks of Acer are trading in the market under the symbol ACEIF. The stocks were priced at $3.02 as of December 25, 2013 (Yahoo, 2013).

Outline the bank multiplier approach to explaining the process of Essay

Outline the bank multiplier approach to explaining the process of money creation and discuss its limitations - Essay Example This has led to call for the replacement of federal reserve system by a computer based system that would fix rates via calculations using standard economic metrics. Say in his law seems to make a suggestion to the fact that money is neutral and does not in any way lead to recession. He felt it was an irrational action to hoard money if one had it. In his view the only reason to have money is to spend it on one’s needs, in buying products. An increased spending is brought about by the increase in money supply going by the opinion that money is meant for spending. Say economist do not believe that businesses suffer as a result of lack of money for which reason other economist may advocate the printing of more money. Say and his followers rather believe that to increase ones purchasing power all that is needed is for there to be an increase in production processes. This would cause demand for the product an exchange for these goods automatically puts money into the pockets of the producer thereby increasing his purchasing power. The printing of more money would invariably lead to indiscriminate consumption which is believed by say economist as a wealth

macbeth :: essays research papers

MACBETH, it is probable, was the last-written of the four great tragedies, and immediately preceded Antony and Cleopatra.(note 1, p 331]. In that play Shakespeare's final style appears for the first time completely formed, and the transition to this style is much more decidedly visible in Macbeth than in King Lear .Yet in certain respects Macbeth recalls Hamlet rather than Othello or King Lear. In the heroes of both plays the passage from thought to a critical resolution and action is difficult, and excites the keenest interest. In neither play, as in Othello and King Lear, is painful pathos one of the main effects. Evil, again, though it shows in Macbeth a prodigious energy, is not the icy or stony inhumanity of lago or Goneril; and, as in Hamlet, it is pursued by remorse. Finally, Shakespeare no longer restricts the action to purely human agencies, as in the two preceding tragedies; portents once more fill the heavens, ghosts rise from their graves, an unearthly light flickers about the head of the doomed man. The special popularity of Hamlet and Macbeth is due in part to some of these common characteristics, notably to the fascination of the supernatural, the absence of the spectacle of extreme undeserved suffering, the absence of characters which horrify and repel and yet are destitute of grandeur. The reader who looks unwillingly at lago gazes at Lady Macbeth in awe, because though she is dreadful she is also sublime. The whole tragedy is sublime. In this, however, and in other respects, Macbeth makes an impression quite different from that of Hamlet. The dimensions of the principal characters, the rate of movement in the action, the supernatural effect, the style, the versification, are an changed; and they are all changed in much the same manner. In many parts of Macbeth there is in the language a peculiar compression, pregnancy, energy, even violence; the harmonious grace and even flow, often conspicuous in Hamlet, have almost disappeared. The chief characters, built on a scale at least as large as that of Othello, seem to attain at times an almost superhuman stature. The diction has in places a huge and rugged grandeur, which degenerates here and there into tumidity. The solemn majesty of the royal Ghost in Hamlet, appearing in armour and standing silent in the moonlight, is exchanged for shapes of horror, dimly seen in the murky air or revealed by the glare of the cauldron fire in a dark cavern, or for the ghastly face of Banquo badged with blood and staring

Ap Euro Notes

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- Filled with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure 🙂 If something is in [] brackets, it is only written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you are looking for actual information. †¢ 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 Key:UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of â€Å"all glory goes to god† Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: ? old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia ?Popolo: third class, â€Å"the people†, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria ? Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over gover nment B-Britain ? Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) †¢ Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e. g. Medici) o Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term â€Å"Dark Ages†, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature ?Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing which humanists followed †¢ [Even though they weren’t in Rome, Humanists did as the Romans do] ? Despite being accused of following Pagan culture, Petrarch talked a lot about universality Civic Humanists: Politicians/ diplomats, utilized public education for common good Plato: Studying Greek allowed enlightened people to observe platonic ideals [also, big fat weddings] ? ? †¢ e. g. Platonic view of human potential: observed by Pico della Mirandola, who gave oration on the di gnity of man ?Castiglione: wrote The Courtier, about what we would call a â€Å"renaissance man†: knew languages, classical literature, and artsy stuff -12009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Lorenzo Valla wrote about Donation of Constantine: Document where Constantine took control of the Christian empire, said it was a fake because the word fief was not invented yet. †¢ Analyzed The Vulgate Bible, said Jerome mistranslated from Greek! [silly Jerome] ? Leonardo Bruni [like Carla Bruni]- created education for women, though †¢ Left public speech out of curriculum, because â€Å"women had no outlet to use these skills† [oh. Silly women. ? o o Christine de Pisan wrote The City of Ladies, countered notion of inferiority, [but this was soon proven false. ] Middle Ages: Paintings were fresco [fresca] on plaster, Tempera on wood Renaissance Art ? Chiaroscuro: [Not at all like Mr. Carrasco]: Contrast between light/dark to make 3D images Single-poi nt perspective- everything converges to a point at infinity †¢ More realism than in Dark Ages art ? ? ? ? Filippo Brunelleschi- dome at cathedral of Florence High renaissance- Rome replaces Florence as center of art Religious people in Florence do not like new style, but Popes (Julius II) liked â€Å"to beautify [bootify? their city† Late Renaissance/Mannerism- distorted figures and confusing themes reflected growing crisis in Italy High Renaissance Artists ? ? †¢ †¢ Leonardo da Vinci- Military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, Mona Lisa Raphael- from Urbino, commissioned for Vatican palaces, images of Jesus and Mary, School of Athens shows Plato + Aristotle [kissing? ] in single point perspective Michelangelo- David commissioned by Florence as propaganda work against Milan [maybe it was the genitalia. , Sistine Chapel for Julius II, tomb for Julius II [Splinter- Trainer of the Ninja Turtles] †¢ †¢ o Northern Renaissance ? Questions concerning religion- study early Christian authors -22009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erasmus + More- Christian humanists criticized church, horrified that Martin Luther did not find ways to better the Catholic church †¢ Desiderius Erasmus- coined â€Å"Where there is smoke there is a fire† in his book Adages, also wrote Praise of Folly= Satire to criticize church, wanted to reform church instead of abandoning it like [Lex?No. ] Luther Sir Thomas More- Utopia, meaning ‘nowhere’, executed for not recognizing Henry VIII as head of the church of England ([ut he could have just forgotten his glasses] †¢ ? Art †¢ †¢ †¢ Albrecht Duror- woodcuts in support of Luther’s revolution Chaucer- Canterbury Tales based The Decameron William Shakespeare- [about whom we know nothing] only primary school education, examined human psyche and dramatic intensity in his work, contemporaries= Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson, [ wooer of beautiful History teachers] Printing Press with movable type- Johannes Gutenberg, 200 bibles, went broke after making his bibles as ornate as handwritten ones, sillllllllly †¢ †¢ †¢ Movable type created rapid spread of information Informed people of religious debates Made churches’ monopoly over bible interpretations VEXING o Protestant Reformation [complex and compelling! ] ? Humanism- led individuals to question traditional ideas of salvation [but not salivation] Problems facing El Churcho ? †¢ †¢Black Death- â€Å"ferocious outbreak of the black plague†, [not related to black people] Anticlericalism- movement disrespecting clergy arising from poor performance of clergymen during the plague, and in fact, that such a plague could befall so many people Pietism- [DELICIOUS] direct relationship between the individual and god, reducing the need for a hierarchical church Babylonian Captivity and corruption in general within the church Poor ly educated lower clergy, often a result of simony- the sale of church office †¢ †¢ †¢ 32009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? John Wycliff- had some no nos: †¢ No no: wealth of church No no: transubstantiation- the belief that bread and wine are Jesus’ body and blood [Wait, did Catholics support heathen cannibalism? What. ] No no: indulgences- selling of salvation by the church/no waiting in Purgatory, began during crusades to get knights [but was a popular sin for ages] â€Å"urged his followers (known for unclear reasons as the Lollards) [lololol] to read the bible and to interpret it themselves† Translated bible into English †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ?Jan Hus- Bohemia, Rector of University of Prague said bible was > church, called before council in Constance, promised safe passage there, but burnt at the stake [medium-rare] Martin Luther [not to be confused with Martin Postumus] [actually, feel free to confuse him wi th Martin Posthumus. Next time you see Martin, ask him about sacraments. ] – does not like indulgences, 95 Theses @ Wittenberg a response to ? †¢ Albert of Hohenzollern- had to raise ten thousand [ which is over 9,000] ducats, so hired Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences, Tetzel: â€Å"As soon as gold in the basin rings, the soul to heaven rings. o †¢ Pope Leo X: â€Å"Not interested in a squabble between monks†, ignored 95 theses Luther cont’d- Dominicans wanted to charge Luther with Heresy because of the 95 Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility= secular gov’t can reform church, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church= attacked sacraments, Liberty of a Christian Man= bible is the sole [SOUL HAHAHA] source of faith, a bolt of lightning almost strikes him-> he becomes a monk [what the hell? Pope Leo X- issued a papal bull [Toro! ] demanding Luther recant or be burnt, Luther burns bull, excommunicated [by PETA] Frederick, elector of Saxony - German prince, sympathetic to Luther’s ideas Diet of Worms [Eww]: Council of German nobility, HRE emperor Charles X asked Luther if he repudiates his books, to which he said he doesn’t accept authority of the pope, only God.Exiled, hidden for a year in Wartburg Castle [filled with toads, very unpleasant] by Frederick of Saxony Luther Cont’d Cont’d: reduced sacraments from 7 to 2, which were baptism and communion, had several children with an ex-nun, family placed at center of religious faith. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ -42009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Why did the Reformation succeed? †¢ German Peasants’ Revolt- Result of worsened economic condition, 12 articles interpreting Lutheranism as a message of social egalitarianism, to whichLuther wrote â€Å"Against The Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants† Luther was not critical of—even encouraged—princes to confiscate Catholic land Charles V: Couldn’t control huge empire w/ Spain, New World, The Netherlands, Southern Italy, The Habsburgs, so he didn’t do anything when the Protestants got revolting [it’s because they never brushed their teeth], eventually fought protestants in [best word ever, by the way] Schmalkaldic Wars but was forced to sign Peace of Augsburg, which recognized Lutheranism in territories owned by a Lutheran. †¢ †¢ ? Radical Reformation †¢Anabaptists- denied Baptism [go figure] o Believed baptism would only work on adults because they knew what they were doing. Rebaptism became a capital offense in HRE, darn. Anabaptists took over Munster and created an â€Å"Old-Testament-style theocracy†: men allowed to have multiple wives. More normal people [mainstream Christians] then captured it back. o o o †¢ Antitrinitarians- denied Trinity [Really? ] o Were hunted down ? Zwingli and Calvin †¢ Zwingli- Denied Sacraments, called last supper â€Å"a memorial of Christ’s death†, did not have actual presence of Christ [wait, explain this.Was he just like†¦ in the bathroom or something? â€Å"Hey guys, Jesus isn’t coming†¦ Should we start without him? †¦Sure! † Disciples are meanies, QED. ] o o Swiss patriot Died leading Zurich’s troops against Swiss Catholics †¢ John Calvin- Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion: Predestination, No free will, Geneva= New Jerusalem, No taverns, Penalties for having gypsies read your fortune (not joking. ) ? [Black or Blonde? English-] The English Reformation -52009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland†- [Epitaph courtesy of Wikipedia when researching earlier. I want such a title. ] o Tried to divorce Catherine of Aragon, even though previous pope had given him special dispensation to marry her in the fi rst place. Pope refused, Henry began reformation of parliament. ? Reformation Parliament: †¢ Gave bribes of land from monasteries (because he dissolved them) as a reward for passing certain acts, passed: o oAct of Supremacy: King of England is supreme head of Church of England Henry can marry Anne Boleyn Act of Succession: Children of Anne Boleyn are rightful heirs (ouch for Catherine) o o Had been sleeping with Anne Boleyn, gotten her pregnant, therefore â€Å"act in restraint of appeals† declaring the King decided spiritual cases within the kingdom rather than the pope. Anny Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor, so he beheaded her. o †¢ †¢ Edward VI- Short reign, tried to institute Protestant theology into Church of England. Mary Tudor- Also short reign, wife of â€Å"phonetically catholic† Philip of Spain, tried to bring back Catholicism. ? Burned several hundred Englishmen at the stake [? ] The Counterreformation- Also known as the Catholic Reformati on †¢ Index of prohibited books- Included Erasmus, Galileo [what, physics? Never heard of it†¦] Papal inquisition- Put heretics to death [heretic is a freaking awesome word. ] Council of Trent- Papacy controlled church council, enhanced papal power o Council placed limits on simony, mandated education, caused intensely polar interpretations of the world, Baroque art and music created. [If it ain’t Baroque, don’t fix it! ] †¢ †¢ †¢Ignatius Loyola- founded Jesuits, Religion was a â€Å"spiritual conversation with God†, not within Bible but within oneself. Spiritual exercises. -62009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ 8: The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States o Portuguese & Spanish Empires ? Bartholomew Dias: sailed around Cape of Good Hope, southern tip of Africa. [Cape of Hood Hope: common typo? ] Vasco de Gama: reached coast of India Christopher Columbus: Sailed to Canary Islands, from there to B ahamas †¢ Noted in his diary that Indians were friendly and gentle, therefore easy to enslave [Not a cool guy] ? ? Magellan circumnavigates globe †¢ Cortez- Mexico, in Aztec Empire o Conquered Tenochtitlan with help of Aztec slaves †¢ †¢ Montezuma- gave gold, in return Spanish seized the capital and took him hostage. [Really, Spain? Really? ] Pizarro destroyed Incas in Peru o †¢ o Captured Inca emperor Atahuelpa, ransomed him for gold, ruled through him, then killed him. [Yep, this again. ] Spanish created Haciendas, plantations, through encomienda system of forced labor [for some reason, Alex prefers to italicize rather than bold]Development of Monarchical States ? Reversal of parliaments from Middle Ages to create absolute monarchies †¢ †¢ ? Jean Bodin- Monarchies have to be absolute Louis XIV- France, Stuart Monarchs- England Nation-States †¢ Bureaucratization- established office of intendant, tax collector on behalf of monarch o Need for m oney led to corruption seen in sale of royal office (except in England) †¢ Permanent mercenary army o Swiss phalanx- army of pikemen [not Pokemon] [Pokemon is in the Mac dictionary] who killed horsemen, later had gunpowder. Created a 72009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus need for money in monarchy, need which could only be fed by an absolute monarchy. ? Monarchs need taxes to pay for permanent armies, which were used to suppress peasants angry at taxes—vicious circle ? Italy †¢ †¢ Treaty of Lodi- Balance of power among major Italian city-states, created alliance between enemies Milan and Naples [YOUR NAPLES ARE SHOWING] Ludovico Il Moro- became despot in Milan, fought Naples [which are showing] and invited French to satisfy longstanding claims to Naples [which are showing] Charles VIII immediately did so, when he gets to Florence he meets Savonaroli, a radical Dominican preacher who had just expelled Medicis and established a Puritanical sta te Recognizes what he had done, joined an anti-French alliance to expel French and reinstate Medicis Medicis burn Savonaroli at the stake (with support of Pope) in revenge. o o †¢ Nicola Machiavelli- The Prince [Story about a prince on a white horse, saves a princess and then marries her to gain control of her country, institutes harsh rule] ? Spain- [Dominion of JULIA LOPEZ] Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille o Consolidated peninsula- called Reconquista ? Included Religious Uniformity, led to Spanish Inquisition [Nobody expected it] [I’d prefer a new edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my life] Spanish Inquisition: Anti-Jew, Anti-Moor ? o Charles V (Ferdinand &Isabella’s grandson)- married into becoming HRE, abdicates and gives throne to brother Ferdinand (also controls Habsburg lands) ? His son Philip receives Spain, southern Italy, The Netherlands, the New World Duke of Alva’s Council of Troubles: tried to enforce Catholicism for Philip in Netherlands, also sent Military hero Don Juan to fight, later sent Spanish Armada Results: Council failed, Don Juan failed, Protestant Wind blew Armada away [WOOOOOOOSH] †¢ -82009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ o Cervantes- Don Quixote [Donkey Hotay], bemoaned lack of chivalry [French for Being a Horse] in Spain El Greco revealed that powerful Spain could not maintain European position The Holy Roman Empire ? 0th and 11th centuries- most powerful state, grew weaker with papal conflict †¢ Despite lack of army, popes supported by German Nobility, giving them strong sway over emperor o †¢ †¢ Golden Bull- 7 German princes given right to elect emperor Charles V- powerful Habsburg, attempted to establish genuine imperial control, used Lutheran reformation as a weapon against German princes Peace of Augsburg- Princes given the right to decide religion of territory aka Ecclesiastical Reservation, Catholicism or Lutheranism oProblematic for Frederick III of the Palatinate (an elector state) who was a Calvinist ? Thirty Years War- about thirty years long. †¢ †¢ †¢ Began in Bohemia, Ferdinand of Styria is crowned king Protestant angry with his intolerance defenestrate his catholic advisors in Prague [Turkey Baster Turkey Baster la la la la la] HRE Emperor Mathias dies, Ferdinand elected emperor o A few hours later, he learns he has been overthrown in Bohemia †¢ †¢ †¢ Frederick, a Calvinist (! ) is the new king in Bohemia Ferdinand had no army, so he borrowed the Duke of Bavaria’s army [what?You can do that? ] Battle of the White Mountain- Bavarian forces win a major victory, [create cream] Frederick is now sad, called the winter king because he only ruled for winter Private armies want to keep fighting so they can have $$$, so war continues Duke of Bavaria fears Habsburgs-> Ferdinand must find new army †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o o Albrecht vo n Wallenstein- VAST MERC ARMY 125,000 Major victories in the north for Ferdinand -92009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Edict of Restitution- outlawed Calvinism, required Lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552 Gustavus Adolphus- King of Sweden, entered war due to Edict, claiming to defend Protestant rights, actually nope, just wanted German territory Cardinal Richelieu- Absolutist, Decided to support Swedish army [financially because he didn’t want Habsburgs to be strong Peace of Westphalia- 30 yr war over o o HRE maintains divisions Emperor still leader of Germany Reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg (princes choose religion of territory, Calvinism added as a choice now) o France- [Dominion of Funny Bear (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=5H59Py7KApU) and Gerard Giblin] ?Henry II- dies in a jousting tournament from a lance to the eye, [he should have seen that coming†¦] -> Francis II is king French Wars of Rel igion †¢ Began when Duke of Guise saw a group of Huguenots worshiping in a barn, got mad, HAD THEM SLAIN Huguenots- French Calvinists [HUGE KNOTS] Catherine de Medici o o After Henry II dies, Francis II was too young—Catherine was a regent January Edict of 1562- Huguenots [HUGE KNOTS] gain freedom of worship Peace of Saint Germaine-Laye: Protestants can fortify cities (Catherine allied with Catholics, but did not want the protestants to be sad, so this is what they get) †¢ †¢ o †¢ †¢ Guise==catholic, militant [geese] Bourbon—Calvinists [ALEX WHAT UP WITH THE ITALICS] o o Admiral Coligny (Advisor to Charles IV, so Catherine didn’t like him) & Prince of Conde—both converted for political opportunities Henry of Navarre (Bourbon prince) marries Charles IX’s sister, shifting power to Bourbons—Catherine de Medici doesn’t want either to have power, so she convinces Charles IX to do St. Bartholomew’s Day Massac re- burning all Huguenots – 10 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Coligny dies, Navarre’s life spared—he promised to convertHenry III (Not Navarre) wanted to defeat powerful Catholic League [Geese], made Navarre his heir, Huguenots then helped him attack them Peace of Beaulieu- complete religious freedom for Protestants. [THIS IS NEW. NO REALLY. ] Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV of France when Henry III assassinated o o ? ? ? Everyone supports him because of common enemy of Spain Until revolution, all French kings are from Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism to be of the majority group, but so Huguenots would not get mad he created: Edict of Nantes- Huguenots can worship and assemble, and maintain fortified cities NAVARRRRRRR ? Politique- the idea of putting the interest of the state before religious unity- Henry III and Henry IV was one of these Royal Absolutism- ? †¢ Henry IV tries to revitalize kingdom torn apart by war o o Duke of Sully + HIV [Henry the fourth, silly]- established government monopolies over things people like, such as salt Limited nobility in parliament Assassinated, 9 year old son Louis XIII takes throne, but like most nine year olds, is a relatively weak King. o †¢ Louis XIII oNeeded strong minister†¦ Bonjour, Cardinal Richelieu! ? Richelieu beats up Huguenots [HUGE KNOTS] and takes away Edict of Nantes [that was fast. ] Brings France into thirty years war -> increased gov’t power Dies, replaced by Mazarin ? ? †¢ Louis XIV o Five years old. Anne Of Austria, his mother, selects Cardinal Mazarin to be regent – 11 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? o Less sure political hand than Richelieu. This led to a lot of rebellions called the Fronde.Mazarin dies, Louis decides because of the Fronde to rule without an advisor [he is a teenager and believes the world revolves around him] Louis told people that the monarch had the â€Å"div ine rights,† backed it up by the Old Testament. o ? Bishop Bossuet said that the king was chosen by god (only god could judge the behavior of the king) [Louis was probably sitting in a corner, going, â€Å"don’t judge me! †] o o May or may not have said â€Å"l’etat c’est moi,† (I am the state) Builds Versailles to demonstrate his power, wanted to safely ignore the people 12 miles away from Paris ? While it cost a huge amount of money to maintain Versailles, Louis thought it was worth it. Instead of plotting against the king, the aristocrats were involved with court intrigue and gossip and with ceremonial issues such as who got to hold the king’s sleeve as he dressed† [Best review book ever? ] o Jean-Baptiste Colbert= minister, instituted mercantilism? building up gold by exporting goods, an economy based on exports. Organized factories and abolished tariffs. ?Five Great Farms- large regions where one does not have to go through customs French East India Company, west coast of Africa, posts in India, much of the Caribbean, Quebec, = French international mercantilist empire of supreme power. ? o For real this time. Revokes the Edicts of Nantes, demolishes Huguenot churches, takes away Huguenot’s civil rights. They ran away to England and the Netherlands, and since France was at war with England and the Netherlands, they fought against France. [Stupid, stupid Louis] ? o England Treaty of Utrecht- Bourbons lead Spain ?War of the Roses- Series of civil wars to determine whether York or Lancaster would rule England. †¢ †¢ Result: Lancaster (Henry VII, a Tudor) will be king. After Henry VII dies, Henry VIII becomes king [surprise surprise] – 12 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Henry VIII believed his sovereignty would be ineffective if England was under religious jurisdiction of Rome-> created Church of England TUDOR: Queen Elizabeth—Henry’s daugh ter with Anne Boleyn ? †¢ Called The Virgin Queen- used marriage as a diplomatic tool, used rulers made them think she would marry them ? owerful alliances [writing that in italics makes it look like the name of a boat] †¢ Mary Stuart of Scotland- her legal heir, also Catholic o Kept her under house arrest, she was afraid Mary was plotting against her Treaty of Burwick- Let it be known that James (Mary’s son) will be king of England instead (he was Protestant), in your face Mary Queen of Scots ? Knock knock †¢ Who’s there o Mary Queen of Scots o Bye bye, your head! o †¢ Elizabeth beat Spanish Armada? England remains Protestant and free of foreign dominance ?STUART: James VI- Absolutist, didn’t call parliament for awhile, eventually he called it because he needed money †¢ Puritans- thought monarch shouldn’t be head of church o So James persecuted the Puritans ? STUART: Charles I †¢ Lent support to Armenians (sect of Anglican c hurch, believed in predestination), named William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury [unrelated to the eggs] [wait, those are Cadbury Eggs. Never mind] Requested a forced loan from nobles, they didn’t want to pay so he threw them in jail †¢ o They put forward Petition of Rights, forced him to sign: ? ? ?No forced taxation without Parliament No free man could be imprisoned without due cause No quartering of troops in private homes – 13 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? No martial law against civilians †¢ John Eliot- Three Resolutions [this formatting is intense] o o o Anyone suspected of practicing Catholicism is a â€Å"capital enemy of the state† Any of King’s advisors who recommend he raise funds outside of Parliament are also â€Å"capital enemies of the state† Anyone who paid tonnage and poundage (duties the king imposed without parliament) was betraying the liberties of England Response: King dissolved parliam ent †¢ Personal Rule of Charles: Charles governing England sans Parliament o To get money: collected ship money: used to be where coastal towns paid extra tax to pay for shipbuilding, but now errrybody in the club getting taxed. Insisted that Calvinist Scotland adopt Church of England and prayer book The Book Of Common Prayer 1640: Charles called parliament because he thought they would give him money to put down Scottish rebellion- â€Å"Short Parliament† Dissolved it because they refused to give him funds before addressing their own needs. Formed an army because he was still angry at Scots [then he banned kilts] ?JK, Scots win †¢ †¢ Scots refuse to leave after invading England Made Charles pay a lot of money to them o o o o †¢ Charles has to call Long Parliament to pay for it o o o o Size matters Met for 20 years Impeached Charles’ ministers Abolished prerogative courts (king’s courts) such as Star Chamber †¢ Grand Remonstrance- A lot (240) of things that Parliament are moaning and whining about o Says Parliament has to approve minister – 14 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o o Church of England reformed by committee No ship money ***Parliament called once every 3 years*** †¢ In response: CHARLES INVADES PARLIAMENT o †¢ House of Commons passes Militia Ordinance (very quickly because there were Soldiers at their doors) Gave Parliament control of the army [Charles I fled to England, just in case] o [jk] ? Civil War Happened †¢ Major issues: o Whether England was going to have an absolute monarch or parliamentary monarch Anglican or Presbyterian [See Lizzy Pelletier] Cavaliers vs Roundheads o o ? ? ? Cavaliers==King Charles, Nobility, Anglicans Roundheads==parliament, Scots, townspeople, puritans Parliament won because of alliance with Scots Gen Cromwell (Lord Protector) created â€Å"New Model† army Parliament tries Charles for treason, executes ? ? Commonwealt h †¢ †¢ Abolished monarchy + house of lords No more Anglican church, now puritan republic o Puritan Rules of Behavior: simple clothes, no entertainment, no alcohol, no dancing, [no fun. ] Independents wanted state church and religious freedom Presbyterians wanted state church and NO DISSENTERS o o †¢ Parliament: No mo army o Cromwell says nope – 15 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Wants to conquer Ireland and Scotland [didn’t these guys just help you? Not cool. Parliament gives no money to Army †¢ Cromwell disbands Parliament o This is a new thing. We have never seen this before. Really. The only important thing he does is separate England into military districts ? o ? Cromwell dies, monarchy back †¢ STUART: CHARLES II o Treaty of Dover [come on Dover. Move your bloomin’ arse! ]- Charles would convert to Catholicism when conditions permit, made between Charles and French Louis XIV ? Charles gets a lot of money f rom Louis. This was good for him because he was getting a lot less English money to support his lavish lifestyle †¢ STUART: James II o repeals Test Act (didn’t allow Catholics to be officials/military, swear oaths for transubstantion), [also, AP Test Act] Declaration of Indulgence ? ? No more religious tests for office holders Allowed freedom of worship Parliament Reaction: Not worried because they thought the throne would go to James’ daughter: Mary the protestant †¢ Sneaky James marries, makes a bebby, New James the Catholic o Parliament responds by inviting Mary the protestant and her new husband, William of Orange to invade England, no opposition ? †¢ ORANGES: William and Mary o Bill of Rights of 1689 ?Limits power of monarchy: monarch is subject to law, must be protestant, include parliament in lawmaking [monarch butterflies still free to do as they please] – 16 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections to parliament free of royal interference No church courts Parliament consent for taxes required You can petition the king Parliament consent required for army People can have guns â€Å"Freedom of Debate† in parliament [because until now, they coincidentally agreed on everything] King can’t just take people’s stuff without having a trial.Then he can. Excessive bail, nono. Parliament has to be held frequently. ? ? ? o Act Of Toleration- a compromise bill ? Non-conformists (protestants who were not in the church of England) given right of public worship, Unitarians or Catholics were illegal. Test Act remained ? o The Mutiny Act [mutated knee act] ? Authorized martial law to govern the army. Had to be re-passed every year (parliament had to be summoned yearly for this) †¢ Queen is now STUART: Anne. Nothing changes. o Act of Settlement- preventing catholic Stuarts from getting on the throne ?Basically, this said that if Queen Anne dies without an heir, the thro ne goes to the Protestants in Hanover. Specifically, George the first. o Act Of Union- formed Great Britain out of England and Scotland. Only done so that Scotland would not go to war with England allied with France. ? Scotland gives up their parliament, allowed to maintain a Presbyterian church. o The Netherlands- a center of commerce and trade. ? Dutch War Of Independence – 17 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ †¢ ? City of Antwerp was sacked.They closed the Scheldt river as part of the peace of Westphalia. Lead to the center of trade being changed to Amsterdam. The Golden Age †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bank of Amsterdam Dutch east India company Higher standard of living Religious tolerance â€Å"The Dutch proved to be nimble businessmen† In the Spanish inquisition, Jews fled to Netherlands [one could say they were orange Jews] Franz Hals- great portrait painter from Haarlem (yes, it’s spelled like that. ) Jan Vermeer- painted scenes of everyday Dutch life Rembrandt Van Rijn- painted The Night Watch- baroque art period †¢ †¢ †¢ ? Political decentralization †¢ †¢ †¢ o House of Orange- noble house who got power from revolting against Spain. Stadholder= male head of the family William of Nassau (he’s William of Orange, guys) = stadholder of the family Orange beats up France. He also became the king of England. Life in Modern Europe ? ? Growth and population- Population doubled in France between 1450-1550 Price revolution- population growth put pressure on basic commodities. Prices had to increase like 500% because supply was less than demand.Rural life †¢ Gentry are people from towns and cities. o These guys begin to enclose their lands aka. Fence off land that used to be open. ? †¢ English Poor Law-The state provides for the poor – 18 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ †¢ ? 3-field system- the rot ation of crops in agriculture? 1/3 lay fallow (they didn’t use it), 1/3 crops, 1/3 animals [baa baa moooo] Primogeniture- the oldest male child gets all the jaunt. City life †¢ Guilds continue to play a role in production of commodities. Cloth production done on a large scale.Capitalist entrepreneur would provide funds and organization of every stage of production. This made specialized guild-members sad. †¢ ? Family life †¢ †¢ No more than 3 or 4 children (usually) Marriages were arranged by parents, or formally improved, because they involved a transfer of property o o Married couples are full-fledged members of society â€Å"Single adults were looked on as potential thieves or trouble-makers if they were male, and as prostitutes if they were female. † There was a dowry o †¢ Tasks divided by gender & age, child labor was normal.Men do work, women cook, clean and make bebbies. For Protestants, the house became central rather than the church. o Paternalism increased because father is now the only person between the family and god †¢ †¢ 9: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment o Before the scientific revolution ? The view of scholasticism-combination of Christianity and ancient authors, such as Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle. †¢ Four Elements: earth, air, fire, water o Earth is the heaviest element and the earth is the center of the universe †¢ †¢ oAlchemy could define chemistry of the time Didn’t care about astronomy, believed in the works of Ptolemy (the heavens move around the earth) The Copernican revolution – 19 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Nicolas Copernicus wrote Concerning The Revolutions Of Celestial Spheres. A heliocentric universe, where the planets move about the sun. The orbits were circular. Tycho Brahe- the movement of the sun revolved around the earth but the other planets revolved around the sun. he taught Kepler. [fun facts about Bra he, courtesy of Mr.Willard: Brahe lost his nose in a bar fight over a math question, and fixed it with many metal noses that he would replace from day to day. Also, he had a pet dwarf who he would bring out at parties. The dwarf would go under the table and â€Å"do things with his hands†] Johannes Kepler- planets go in ellipses. Galileo Galilei- invented the telescope. The moon has mountains, and it’s made of the same material as earth. Jupiter has moons, and stars are far away. He also stated that the acceleration of gravity was constant for all masses.Giordano Bruno argued that there were many worlds in the universe, the papal inquisition executed him. Isaac Newton wrote Principia, examined the relations of different forces, invented differential calculus, and discovered that white light was a mixture of different lights. ? ? ? ? ? o The impact of scientific revolution on philosophy ? Francis Bacon [a delicious man] argued to examine evidence from nature when making thesis. Rene Descartes- â€Å"I think therefore I am,† wrote Discourse on Method, challenged major classical beliefs.He invented logical proofs (if P then Q), he tried to make logic and philosophy be done with math because it was incorruptible [see: Robespierre in relation to math] Blaise Pascal [the fireman] Pascal’s wager= it is better to bet that god exists than to bet that he does not, since if he does you will go to heaven, and if he doesn’t then you don’t lose anything. Thomas Hobbes believed that life was nasty, brutish and short. Wanted absolutism (man formed states with a sovereign that has complete power, the subjects would never rebel) because man naturally wanted to destroy each other.John Locke- social contract between the people and the state, where the people have certain inalienable rights [no ET allowed]: of life, liberty, and property. If a government infringes on these rights, man has the right [nay, the responsibility] to rebel. Anoth er idea was Tabula Rasa- there is no predestination or original sin; people were born with a clean slate. ? ? ? ? o The eighteenth-century Enlightenment ? Immanuel Kant- idea that individuals should not believe an idea simply because authority says it, people should use reasoning to solve problems.Philosophers are thinkers and would often speak at salons. ? – 20 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Republic of Letters was an international community of philosophers who communicated en francais [M. Giblin]. Voltaire was a philosophe. And a deist- believed that god created the universe and the laws of science, those laws are still being followed. ? †¢ †¢ Ecrasez l’infame (crush the horrible thing) was anti-religion He wrote Candide- humans cannot expect to find happiness by associating with specific philosophical systems. People should try to find a private comfort. ?Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, wrote about separation of powers and checks and balances. Also said that slavery was unnatural and bad. Diderot wrote Encyclopedia, a collaboration of all the knowledge and information that was prominent at the time Rousseau was the most radical philosophe, antagonized Voltaire; believed in direct democracy vs. the other philosophes who believed in a constitutional monarchy. Ideas became prominent after his death, especially in the French Revolution. ? ? †¢ o Social Contract- Everyone has a duty to their country, a perfect society would be controlled by the â€Å"general will† of its populaceThe Spread of Enlightenment Thought ? Cesare Baccaria- Crimes and Punishment, about changing jurisprudence, the theory and philosophy of law. He believed everyone should have basic rights. David Hume- Atheism, doubt on religion. Questioned assumptions around cause and effect. EDWARD GIBBON- Wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, [which was mean], criticized Christianity, saying it â€Å"weakened the vibrancy of the empire and contributed to its downfall† Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations: Free market, laissez-faire, invisible hand ? ? o Women and the Enlightenment ? Organized salons, where philosophes hung out Marquise de Pompadour- Louis the XV’s mistress, helped Diderot avoid censorship Mary Wollstonecraft- Women should vote, and hold public office. ? ? o European powers! In the age of enlightenment! ? Enlightened Absolutists- Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia Prussia and Austria ? – 21 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢Frederick William (The Great Elector) worked out agreement with the Junkers (Prussian nobility)—they could have serfs, and would pay him money for the privilege Son Frederick III became Frederick I of Prussia (because Prussia became a Kingdom? ) Also was Frederick the Great, an enlightened absolutist o Freed serfs on Royal estates, but not the Junkers’ serfs, because he liked the Junkers. Abolished capital punishment, decreased amount of corporal punishment on serfs †¢ o †¢ Austrian Empress Maria Theresa begat Joseph II, who was a fan of religious toleration o †¢Issued Edicts of Toleration, granting Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists freedom of worship Wars of Austrian Succession o o HREmperor Charles VI has no male heir, issues Pragmatic Sanctionsays there can be a female heir Therefore, Maria Theresa is crowned, but France and Prussia begin to seize land (violating the sanction) Frederick I takes advantage of this and seizes Silesia, the richest part of Austria Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle- Austrian throne will go to Habsburgs— ended the war Result of the War: Prussia gains power Diplomatic Revolution: alliance between Austrians and French, meant to weaken Prussians ?Great Britain allies with Prussia Leads directly into Seven Years War †¢ Ultimately won by Prussians and British because Russian Czar Peter III didn†™t want to have so much conflict so he protected the Prussians British allies defeat the French in the French and Indian War in America o o o o ? †¢ ? Russia—[The Fatherland] †¢ Ivan the Terrible expanded territory under the control of Muscovy [what the hell? ], Russia entered into a period of time known as THE TIME OF TROUBLES 22 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus [When I find myself in times of trouble, FATHER STALIN comes to me], ended with the selection of a czar from the Romanov family. †¢ This was Peter the Great! o o o o Forced nobles to shave their beards (as was the style in the west) Taxed nobility by the number of serfs they had Established monopolies on commodities like salt (See HIV) Table of Ranks—each government position had a graduated ranking, social mobility Established St.Petersburg, a â€Å"window on the West†, built in the newest styles from France [if you haven’t gotten the hint, Peter was a big fan of the West] Conscripted serfs into the army, built the first Russian navy, defeated the Swedes in the great Northern war Catherine the Great codified Russian law and had an affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, he â€Å"somehow became† the King of Poland shortly afterwards. o o o ? Poland †¢ Lithuanian grand-duke Jagiello married Polish queen Jadwiga? PolishLithuanian Commonwealth o Defeated the Teutonic Knights at Battle of Grunwald †¢ †¢When Poniatowski becomes King, he â€Å"displayed an independent streak that Catherine the Great did not expect from her former Lover† Prussia, Russia, Austria forced Poland to accept a partition o Poland loses 30% of its territory †¢ Poland had Europe’s first written constitution o o Reduces the power of nobles who appealed to Russians for assistance Russia and Prussia partitioned again, which removed the constitution and removed a lot of land ? Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a Polish revolt forcing P oniatowski to abdicate †¢ Third and final partition wiping Poland off the map. Great Britain †¢ Tories – 23 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o †¢ Whigs o o Wanted prerogative rights of the monarch More enlightened, liked religious tolerance Had a certain leader ? Do you remember his name? †¢ It is Edmund Burke! o Argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and political stability. †¢ †¢ You should have learned all of the American Revolution stuff in APUSH American Revolution spurred a movement of parliamentary reform in Great Britain oJohn Wilkes, member of the House of Commons and part time pornographer*, arrested for publishing a satirical attack on King George III ? *Perfect example of social mobility. o ? France †¢ Wanted greater freedom of press and UMS Jansenists- Catholic sect which believes in predestination o Parlements==Provincial law courts made up of nobles, block Louis XV from supportin g a papal decree banning Jansenists ? Louis XV abolishes parlements †¢ Louis XVI brings them back †¢ 10- The French Revolution, Napoleon, the European Reaction o Background [Wallpaper? ] of the revolution ?Major problem facing ‘80s France [‘fro’s? ] was financial—they were kinda bankrupt, Budget: †¢ †¢ 50% Paying debts and interest 25% military o †¢ Funding American revolution, skirmishes with British 6% Royal Life [whig powdering? ] [intentional misspelling. They powdered Edmund Burke] [he was a whig leader] – 24 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus †¢ ? 19% infrastructure [not that much. Sad peasant. ] Estates General †¢ First Estate- Church and Clergy o Wealthy churchies, but there were also poor churches who felt aligned for the third estate Tithe- church tax o †¢Second Estate- Nobles and Aristocracy o o Only 3% of population Feudal privileges: Controlled mills and winemaking, would ofte n charge their own fees for use of the mills effectively making it difficult for peasants to use their grain †¢ Third Estate- Peasants and Bourgeoisie (the educated upper middle class, lawyers and doctors and thinkers) o Abbe Sieyes- Qu’est-ce que le troisieme etat? , â€Å"What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been in the political order up till the present? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something. † Were always overruled in EG because 1/3, when gov’t needed money they always raised taxes †¢ ? ? [Fourth Estate- Batman] [He was Robin the Pierre] Role of Enlightenment? INSPIRATION. Causes †¢ †¢ Failed harvests in 1789 makes poor people poor Louis fires Minister Finance Necker who wanted to subsidize grain and tax nobles, Peasants sad ? Louis called Assembly of Notables (leading aristocrats and churches), asked if they wanted to pay a land tax [they obviously said yes. ], instead suggested that they would have a greater share in governing [ok, sure guys], called for an Estates General o Calling of the Estates General ? ? [Hey, Estates General! Everybody complains that the third estate gets a third of the vote, so the King does nothing – 25 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? Erryone wanted change, but nobody knew how they wanted it, resulting in thousands of Cahiers de doleances (lists of grievances) †¢ Examples of what they wanted: equal tax system and regular meetings of the EG, limiting the size of sheep herds ? o King kept everybody waiting Tennis Court Oath ? The third estate was locked out of the meeting, so they went to a tennis court (handball) [whatever†¦ it was a court].They resolved keep convening until there was a new constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man- Lafayette influenced this, King did not sign: guaranteed Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality (later the French Motto) ? o †¢ Leaders [THUNDER]STORMING OF THE BASTILLE AND THE GREAT FEAR Na tional Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, The Directory Enrage J. Herbert Jacobins Robespierre, St. Just Couthon, â€Å"republic of pure virtue† idealism, vague Cordeliers J. P. Marat, G. J. Danton, C. Desmoulins Republic. One house, broader suffrage but not for women Girondists Jaques Brissot, M&Mme Roland, Condorcet, A.Sieyes Keep king as a figurehead, prime minister or president. Parliamentary system. Weak executive, strong legislative. Limited suffrage. Reform gradually, use laws. Upper bourgeoisie Feuillants Lafayette, Mirabeau Royalists Count Of Artios Agenda Anarchy Constitutional monarchy Absolutism Means To End Supporters Violence is nice. Abolish all, kill, then peace. Radical intellectuals, radical sandculottes Violence may be necessary (guillotine) Leaders? bourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers? sansculottes Rapid reform, system of laws, wider suffrage Leaders? ourgeoisie, intellectuals. Followers ? sans-culottes Very slow and careful gradualllll llllllllly change, natural laws. Some (newer) nobles, some clergy Violence may be necessary to get back lost power Upper-class (old wealth) nobles, upper clergy – 26 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o ? Bastille- prison, a symbol of royal despotism, held dissenters. Peasants went and took the gunpowder. When they killed the governor (of the bastille), they put his head on a pike. This was the beginning of VIOLENCE! [bang bang! Louis was really scared. He recognized the Commune of Paris (a new government of the city of Paris). New national guard, under the command of Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolutionary War) The great [grape] fear: violence between the peasants and the nobles. Some aristocrats began to renounce their feudal rights Poissonards: Women from the fish market (poisson means fish), had knives for gutting, they could gut people like a fish [like Katie Evans]. It was raining, guards of the palace saw them and decided to invite them in and give them food.They found the King and Queen COWERING IN FEAR, Marquis de Lafayette made them compromise (they wanted to kill Marie Antoinette), instead they just had the royal family move to the Tuileries, a lesser palace in Paris. TURNING POINT: The center of the revolution was in Paris, Nat’l Assembly moved to Paris as well. June 1791-King and Queen try to eschape ? ? ? ? ? †¢ Dressed like bourgeoisie: went in a carriage, headed towards the Austrian Netherlands (Varenne) to meet up with the emigres (nobles who had fled during the Great Fear o †¢ Count of Artois (Louis XVI’s brother) had led the emigres.Were found out by a drunk guy, brought back to Paris and put under Palace Arrest ? Declaration of Pillnitz †¢ †¢ Issued by Leopold of Austria Said they would stifle France, but only if all of Europe came with them ? Olympe de Gouge- Wrote The Rights of Women, argued women should have property, education, and the right to divorce. Civil Constit ution of the Church- King is forced to pass this: Church is a department of the state, bishops are elected, clergy has state-funded salaries and all have to swear an oath of loyalty. †¢ Considered by many historians (and Mrs. Lansell) to be the biggest mistake of the revolution.Created a split in religion when Pope Pius VI denounced the Civil Constitution. ? †¢ – 27 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o o †¢ Refractory Clergy- more devout Catholics, included King and many peasants. Being part of this gave one a reason to be anti-revolution. Constitutional Clergy- strong revolutionaries—there was no strong reason to be part of this. Assignats- Government bonds backed by repossessed Church lands—each bill was redeemable for church land, eventually became the currency of the Republic. ? The National Assembly †¢ †¢ †¢ King has suspensive veto- can delay voting on legislation for 4 years.Also control army and foreign policy. Passive Citizens- Men who do not pay taxes. Active Citizens- Men who pay taxes. o Electors- active citizens with high property requirements. †¢ †¢ France was divided into 83 Departments (instead of the provinces) Paris Commune- Municipality of Paris, controlled by the people. Essentially idealistic communism (even though Marx hadn’t come up with it yet? ) o †¢ †¢ Controlled by Enrages Jews and Protestants have full political rights No slavery o †¢ †¢ Toussaint L ’Ouverture- Enraged at the continuation of slavery in the colonies, led a slave rebellion in Hispaniola (now Haiti)Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Duke of Brunswick of Prussia— threatened to destroy Paris if the King or his family were harmed. Sans Culottes o Stormed the Tuileries and killed 600 Swiss mercenary guards, because they were bored and had nothing better to do. September Massacres- [Raped, killed, pillaged, and burned] o †¢ Lafayette is somehow No Lon ger the Commander: he flees and captured by Austrians and put in Jail until Napoleon comes and Frees Him. Paris Commune forces the National Assembly to create a new Legislative Body using UMS: this was called the National Convention †¢ o European Reactions to the French Revolution 28 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus ? William Pitt the Younger [dumbest name ever], British PM, hoped that the war would finally end the rivalry between the two nations. EDMUND BURKE- Wrote Reflections on the French Revolution, opposed the French Revolution, predicting it would become more violent [Well done, Edmund Buuuuurke! ] ? o THE REIGN OF TERR[i]ER [Puppies? ](Actually TerrOr) ? Montagniards- Radical Jacobins- named because they chose to sit above all the others in the National Convention The Plain- Girondists, moderates. Believed in Laissez-Faire, supported a strong legislative government.Committee of Public Safety- Comprised of Danton, Carnot, and Maximilien Robespierr e [who is incorruptible, right? ] Vendee- Area of France which uprose because the Revolutionary Tribunal (specifically Carnot, head of the military) created a Levee en Masse, or mandatory draft on every male 16-25. This angered the peasants because it took away their strong men right before the harvest. Law of Maxim- Froze wages and prices. Price controls benefited the Sans-Culottes. Law of Suspects- Empowers the Revolutionary Tribunal (Committee of Public Safety) to arrest anyone suspicious or suspected. †¢ Banned women from politics Censored the press ? ? ? ? ? ? Jean-Paul Marat- Journalist, published names of dissenters, stabbed by Charlotte Corday †¢ The day after he died was Bastille Day, so he was considered the martyr of the revolution and statues were made in his honor. Jacobins used his death as justification of the terror †¢ ? Jacobins tried to create a Republic of Virtue, where they removed all traces of the old regime. †¢ †¢ Created a new calenda r Removed all traces of religious symbols Created the Cult of the Supreme Being- a religion celebrating virtue, Roman influence.Worship every 10 days (weeks were 10 days long in the revolutionary calendar) o †¢ Supreme Being was pretty much Robespierre. †¢ Guillotined political enemies, circa 20,000 people. – 29 2009- Daniel Shafrir, Alexander Pinkus, Elizabeth Pinkus o Many were Girondists. ? Desmoulins (a Cordelier) wrote for a newspaper, in which he called for the end of the terror and therefore was arrested by Robespierre †¢ †¢ †¢ Danton supported his theory (was also a Cordelier) and was arrested too No Cordeliers are left, so only the Jacobins are in power.Robespierre’s popularity wanes o Robespierre says he has a list of all the traitors in the National Assembly and that he will read it the next day Overnight they decide he is a traitor ? He is arrested †¢ He tried to shoot himself and fails o They execute him o ? Thermidorean React ion- People get mad, 100 leading Jacobins are guillotined †¢ The White Terror- Any association with Jacobins or Robespierre would get you guillotined. o o The Directory Napoleon was arrested, but he managed not to get guillotined. ?The Council of Ancients- People aged 40+: They voted on legislation which the Council of 500 created. They had 3 year terms. The Council of 500- General assembly: had to be aged 30+. 2/3 of them had to have been in the National Convention. †¢ Royalists were upset because they had left the National Convention earlier. Tough luck, guys! 2/3 law reaction: Royalists are protesting over the 2/3 law, peasants are generally angry over bad harvests and such so royalists let them fight too. ? †¢ o NAPOLEON BONAPARTE